Medico Guides 1st Block Embryology Guidelines

by

Prepared by:

                     Zuha Iftikhar (G14)

Compiled by:

                     Hafiz Muhammad Umair Noor (G12)

UHS 1st Block

  (Module No 01)

Reference Book:

  • Langman Medical Embryology 14th Edition (Latest)

Some Integrations:

  • KLM

Learning Objectives:

  • These are Mentioned as per the Latest UHS Curriculum of Session 2025-2026

Chapter 1: (LO-F-A-038)

  • Do the Definitions Mentioned in the Learning Objectives ( Just Read them Once , Not Important , You can skip as well )

Chapter 2: (LO-F-A-010,011,012,013,014)

  • Primordial Germ Cells
  • Clinical correlate Teratomas *
  • Chromosome theory of Inheritance (Read once)
  • Mitosis/Meiosis (You already know about it, Just Do it as Mentioned in Learning Objectives, Difference form)
  • Numerical Abnormalities (Important)
    • Important terms: i) Euploid ii) Aneuploid iii) Trisomy iv) Monosomy v) Nondisjunction vi) Translocations (Do it for MCQ POV)
    • Trisomy 21 Down Syndrome (You have to do all the clinical Presentations , Make sure to Memories them through visual Image) Do Definition /concept of Mosaicism given in it.
    • Trisomy 18, Trisomy 13, Turner Syndrome, Triple X syndrome ( Clinical presentations through visual Image)
    • Klinefelter Syndrome (Annual system Past Paper SEQ)
      • Do All abnormalities for Scenario-Based SEQ & MCQs
  • Structural Abnormalities (Important)
    • Cri-du-chat Syndrome, Angelman Syndrome very Important, Prader-Willi Syndrome Very important, Miller Dieker Syndrome, Fragile X Syndrome
      • Do Remember which Chromosome is involved in a Particular Abnormality for MCQs
    • Important Terms: i) Deletion ii) Microdeletion iii) Fragile Sites iv) Genomic Imprinting (Viva Qs) Do these for MCQ POV just
  • Gene Mutations:
    • Just Remember these terms: i) Single Gene Mutation ii) Mosaicism
  • Diagnostic Techniques (not important Just Do the Names only)
  • Oogenesis* Important Do complete till End
    • Prenatal= before Birth, Postnatal= At puberty/After Birth (You can do these Topics from KLM as well if you want, otherwise Langman is Good to Go)
  • Spermatogenesis* Important Do complete till End
  • Clinical Correlate Abnormal Gametes

After Doing the Complete Chapter, Go through Problems to Solve at the End once, Key given at the End of the Book.

Chapter 3: [LO-F-A-015,016,017,018,019,020,021(i)]

  • Ovarian Cycle, Ovulation Complete
  • Corpus Luteum (Formation, Function, Fate) Corpus Albicans, Oocyte Transport Complete
  • Clinical correlate Mittelschmerz*
  • Fertilization (Define, Phases, Results) Complete very Important :
    • i) Capacitation ii) Acrosome Reaction (MCQs, SEQs, Viva Qs)
  • Clinical correlate Contraceptive Methods*, Infertility* Complete
  • Cleavage, Blastocyst Formation, Epiblast, hypoblast & Axis formation Complete

Clinical correlate Embryonic Stem Cells, Adult Stem Cells, Abnormal Zygotes (Spontaneous Abortion) Complete

  • Uterus at the Time of Implantation

After Doing the Complete Chapter, Go through Problems to Solve at the End once, Key given at the End of the Book.

Chapter 4: (LO-F-A-020,021,022)

  • Why is it called rule of 2? Because of Embryonic Disc Layers , Trophoblast Layers , Two cavities, extraembryonic Mesoderm Layers.
  • Do All Days, and after Reading All Days, Shortlist the Points at the Side of Each Day, This way:
  • Important Terms: i) Layers of Trophoblast ii) Amniotic Cavity iii) Lacunar Stage iv) Exocoelomic cavity v) Uteroplacental Circulation vi) Decidua Reaction vii) Primary Villi
  • Clinical correlate (Important SEQ):
    • Abnormal Implantation Complete
    • Ectopic Pregnancy/Extra uterine Important  SEQ
    • Pouch of Douglas, Primary ovarian pregnancy
    • Hydatidiform Mole / Molar pregnancy Important SEQ
    • Genomic Imprinting Viva Qs

After Doing the Complete Chapter, Go through Problems to Solve at the End once, Key given at the End of the Book.

Chapter 5: (LO-F-A-023,024)

  • Gastrulation Complete
    • Primitive Streak (Formation & Fate) Fate is given in the Fate Map Topic Write It Here, By shortlisting.
  • Formation of Notochord Important Past Paper SEQ , This topic is Better Explained In KLM Chapter 4.
    •  Do it from KLM & then Read it from Langman as well and then Summaries it here, This Way on Langman:
  • Establishment of Body Axes (You can Skip it, just do it for MCQs)
  • Fate Map Establishment During Gastrulation *
  • Growth of Embryonic Disc
  • Clinical Correlate Complete Very Important
    • Holoprosencephaly*
    • Caudal Dysgenesis (Serinomelia) UHS Past paper Modular System 2023 Qs, This Question Came as exact Statement given in Problems to Solve Qs 3 of this Chapter.
    • Situs solitus, situs inversus, laterality defects, situs ambiguous (heterotaxy)
    • Kartagener Syndrome (Important)
  • Development of Trophoblast (Do villi from here)

After Doing the Complete Chapter, Go through Problems to Solve at the End once, Key given at the End of the Book.

Chapter 6: (LO-F-A-025,026,027,028,029,030)

  • Derivatives of Ectoderm (Important)
    • Do it once from Langman and then Derivatives From a Diagram Given in KLM Chapter 5, All germ layer Derivatives summarized form:
  • Neurulation (Very Important SEQ, Past Paper) Do it from KLM & Langman Both & then summarise it in the form of Points on Langman. From KLM Chapter 4.
  • Neural Crest Cells ( Derivatives) Do take concept of it , its role , Table 6.1 (Important)
  • Molecular Regulations are Not Important , If you want Learn just names of Some Involved ( Not seen in Any Past Paper MCQ, SEQ , VIVA)
  • Clinical correlate (Important):
    • NTDs i) Anencephaly ii) Spina bifida & its Types ( Types are Given in chapter 10 second Last Clinical correlate ) Often Asked.
    • Folic Acid*
  • Derivatives of Mesoderm ( Paraxial , Intermediate, Lateral ) Better to do it from KLM diagram shared above.
  • Derivatives of Endoderm Better to do from KLM diagram
  • Somite Differentiation (Important)
  • Blood and Blood Vessels Complete
  • Clinical correlate (Important):
    • Capillary Hemangiomas*
  • Folding of Embryo Better to Do it from KLM Chapter 5 for better understanding   or You can do it from Langman given Under heading of Endodermal Derivatives.
  • Homeobox Gene ( Skip , Read if you want)
  • External Appearance During 2nd Month:
    • Terms to remember : i) Crown-rump length ii) Make points of Changes in appearance ( MCQ POV)
  • Clinical correlate: Birth Defect MCQ POV Just read once

After Doing the Complete Chapter , Go through Problems to Solve at the End once, Key given at the End of the Book.

KLM Topics: (Low yield Topics , MCQs)

(LO-F-A-031,032,033)

  • Chapter 5 Table 5.1 or You can Read Theory of Highlights of Fourth to Eight Weeks (MCQs)
  •  Chapter 5, Estimation of Embryonic Age, Estimation of Gestational & Embryonic Age.
  • Chapter 6, Viability of fetuses, Highlights of Fetal period, Factors influencing Fetal Growth (Just Names)
  • Chapter 6, Procedures: (Important MCQs)
    • Diagnostic Value of Amniocentesis, Alpha fetoprotein Assay, Chorionic Villi Sampling

Chapter 8: (LO-F-A-032,033,034,035,036,037)

  • Development of fetus, monthly changes Time of birth (Just Read for MCQs)
  • Clinical correlate:
    • Low birth weight
    • IUGR & SGA
  • Fetal Membranes & Placenta with diagram (UHS past Paper Qs)
  • Changes in trophoblast , chorion frondosum & decidua Basalis , Structure of Placenta , Full-term Placenta , Circulation of Placenta (Important)
  • Functions of Placenta ( Just read Once for MCQs)
  • Amnion & Umbilical Cord ( Just Read Important Viva Qs )
  • Placental Changes at the End of Pregnancy ( UHS Past Paper Modular System 2023 )
  • Amniotic fluid ( Read for MCQs)
  • Fetal Membranes in twins Complete Important
  • Parturition 
  • Clinical correlate:
    • Preeclampsia (Important)
    • Fetal Hydrops & Erythroblastosis fetalis
    • Placental Barrier (Read once)
    • Umbilical Cord abnormalities, Amniotic bands , Polyhydramnios* , Oligo*
    • Premature Rupture of Membrane
    • Vanishing Twins ( Past Paper UHS 2023 )
    • Twin-twin transfusion
    • Conjoined twins
    • Preterm Birth*

After Doing the Complete Chapter , Go through Problems to Solve at the End once, Key given at the End of the Book.

Chapter 9: (Not Important for SEQs)

(LO-F-A-037,039)

  • Principles of teratology
  • Table 9.1 Rubell, Toxoplasmosis, X-rays, Hyperthermia, Thalidomide, Warfarin, ACE inhibitors, Alcohol (Important Viva Qs)
  • Zika Virus, Antidepressant drugs
  • Prenatal Diagnosis: (Read All Once and Mark MCQs & Viva Qs)
    • Maternal Serum Screening
    • Ultrasonography
    • Chorionic villi sampling
    • Stem cell Transplantation & Gene therapy (Just read not Important)

UHS 1st Block

(Module No 02)

Chapter 11: (KLM)

  • Development of spleen (Important for Viva & MCQs)
    • Accessory Spleen (Important)
    • Origin of Spleen
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