Medico Guides 7th Block (Module No 12) Forensic Medicine Guidelines

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Prepared by:

                           Chaman Zulfiqar (G12)

Compiled by:

                     Hafiz Muhammad Umair Noor (G12)

                     Nauman Waheed (G13)

Reference Books:

  • NRA Forensic Medicine
  • Shahbaz Forensic Medicine

F2-For-001:

  • Def of forensic med from Shehbaz pg no. 2 + Branches of forensic med (not mentioned in book properly). Here I’m listing all these branches:
  1.  Forensic Pathology
    • Deals with determining the cause of death through autopsy.
    • Helps in cases of unnatural, sudden, or suspicious deaths.
  2. Clinical Forensic Medicine
    • Involves examining living individuals (e.g., in cases of assault, rape, drunkenness).
    • Includes age estimation and injury certification.
  3. Forensic Toxicology
    • Focuses on detecting and interpreting drugs, alcohol, and poisons in the body.
  4. Forensic Psychiatry
    • Deals with the relationship between mental disorders and criminal behavior.
    • Assesses criminal responsibility, competency, and insanity.
  5. Forensic Odontology
    • Uses dental evidence for identification in mass disasters, bite mark analysis, etc
  6. Forensic Anthropology
    • Identifies skeletal remains, estimates age, sex, stature, and ancestry.
  7. Forensic Serology and DNA Analysis
    • Involves blood typing, semen analysis, and DNA profiling for identification.
  8. Forensic Entomology
    • Studies insects on decomposed bodies to estimate time of death.
  9. Forensic Radiology
    • Use of imaging (like X-rays, CT scans) in legal investigations (e.g., age estimation, fractures, hidden foreign bodies).
  10. Digital and Cyber Forensics
    • Involves recovery and investigation of material found in digital devices.
  11. Forensic Ballistics
    • Study of firearms, bullets, and ammunition to solve crimes involving guns.

F2-For-002:

  • Def, types and stages of evidence from NRA chap 2, pg no 9, just below table 2.1

F2-For-003:

  • Not given in book properly, You can do it from here:

In forensic medicine, accurate diagnosis of death is crucial for the following reasons:

1. Confirmation of Death: Forensic experts must confirm death beyond doubt before initiating any legal or postmortem procedures.

2. Time Since Death (Postmortem Interval): Early and accurate diagnosis helps estimate the time of death, which is vital in criminal investigations.

3. Determination of Cause and Manner of Death: Diagnosis lays the foundation for investigating whether the death was natural, accidental, suicidal, or homicidal.

4. Legal Proceedings: The diagnosis provides a medico-legal basis for court evidence, insurance claims, police reports, and inheritance rights.

5. Avoidance of Premature Burial or Cremation: Ensures that a person is not mistakenly buried or cremated alive due to conditions mimicking death (e.g., catalepsy, coma, hypothermia).

6. Organ Transplant Laws: In cases of brain death, forensic confirmation is necessary before organ harvesting, according to legal and ethical standards.

7. Protection Against Crime: Prevents concealment of crimes, such as murder being passed off as a natural death.

In forensic medicine, the diagnosis of death is not just medical—it’s a legal responsibility with major implications for justice and public safety.

F2-For-004:

  • Shahbaz chap 4 pg no 77 (determination and certification of cause of death)
  • NRA chap 12 table 12.3+ pg 143, 144 along with Fig 12.13

F2-For-009:

  • Shahbaz section 3 pg no 455 (trace evidence with types)

F2-For-010:

  • NRA chap 5 pg no 36 (last paragraph) till pg 37 
  • SHAHBAZ chap 3 pg no 61 
  • SHAHBAZ chap 12 pg no 272 (dying declaration)
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