Prepared by:
Kisa e Zahra (G12)
Compiled by:
Hafiz Muhammad Umair Noor (G12)
Reference Books:
- Anwar Microbiology 2nd Edition (Chapter numbers are mentioned according to this edition)
(F2-Pa-003)
Chapter 2:
- Gram negative and gram positive difference very imp for seq
- Choice of antibiotic will be shared in following
Key Points for Selecting Antibiotics for Gram-Positive or Gram-Negative Bacteria
When selecting antibiotics, consider the following points:
Gram-Positive Bacteria:
1. Cell Wall Structure: Gram-positive bacteria have a thick peptidoglycan layer, making them susceptible to antibiotics that target cell wall synthesis.
2. Antibiotic Options: Penicillin, ampicillin, methicillin, vancomycin, and linezolid are effective against many Gram-positive bacteria.
3. Resistance Patterns: Consider the prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and other resistant strains when selecting antibiotics.
Gram-Negative Bacteria:
1. Outer Membrane: Gram-negative bacteria have an outer membrane containing lipopolysaccharides, which can contribute to antibiotic resistance.
2. Antibiotic Options: Aminoglycosides (e.g., gentamicin), cephalosporins (e.g., ceftriaxone), fluoroquinolones (e.g., ciprofloxacin), and carbapenems (e.g., meropenem) are effective against many Gram-negative bacteria.
3. Resistance Patterns: Consider the prevalence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing bacteria and other resistant strains when selecting antibiotics.
Broad-Spectrum Antibiotics:
1. Fluoroquinolones: Effective against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.
2. Carbapenems: Effective against many Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, including ESBL-producing bacteria.
Factors to Consider:
1. Spectrum of Activity: Choose antibiotics with a spectrum of activity that covers the suspected or confirmed pathogens.
2. Resistance Patterns: Consider local resistance patterns and the patient’s previous antibiotic exposure.
3. Patient Factors: Consider the patient’s age, renal function, liver function, and other underlying medical conditions when selecting antibiotics.
4. Side Effects and Toxicity: Choose antibiotics with a favorable side effect profile and minimal toxicity.
Importance of Culture and Sensitivity Testing:
Culture and sensitivity testing can help identify the specific pathogens and their antibiotic susceptibility patterns, guiding targeted therapy and optimizing treatment outcomes.
(F2-Pa-004)
Chapter 4:
- Conjugation ( very imp for seq) +it’s diagram
- Transduction and transformation (just do definitions)
Chapter 5:
- Classification of gram positive gram negative cocci and rods , spirochetes and atypical bacteria from chp 5 ( very imp for mcqs ) learn it well
Chapter 6:
- Colonization resistance imp
- Normal Flora(imp for mcqs)
Chapter 8:
- Culture media is best described in your practical notebooks and in Anwar chp 8 (imp for mcqs and ospe point of view)
Chapter 10:
- Antimicrobial resistance mechanism(vvvv.imp for seq)
- Do cram this resistance mechanism
Chapter 27:
- Classify DNA RNA viruses
Chapter 38:
- Classification of fungi
- Imp for mcqs and seqs
Chapter 43:
- Classify parasites