Prepared by:
Soila Ansar (G12)
Compiled by:
Hafiz Muhammad Umair Noor (G12)
Reference Books:
- Medium Robbins Latest Edition (Chapter numbers are mentioned according to this edition)
- Pathoma Fundamentals of Pathology
Note:
- The sequence of the approach is the same as I’ve explained in the previous block guidelines that first you take Pathoma lectures and give a read to its notes and then move towards Medium Robbins. Therefore, I’ll guide you from Robbins only in the section below.
GLOMERULAR DISEASES
Note: If you want to have a better understanding of this section, read these topics from Robbins before doing specific diseases; Mechanisms of glomerular diseases.
001: Nephrotic Syndrome
- Table: etiological factors of nephrotic syndrome (1° and 2°)
- Pathogenesis: definition of nephrotic syndrome+ hallmarks and their pathogenesis (given in the start of chapter)
- Gross and microscopic features in glomeruli will be explained in subsequent sections where each disease will be discussed in detail.
- Diagnosis: it is the same as the hallmarks of disease like edema+ protein and lipids in urine (urine analysis), increase lipid in serum, coagulopathy, dec serum albumin, etc. Also, gross and microscopic features of glomeruli on biopsy specimens.
002: Podocytopathies
- Podocyte injury (given in the mechanism of glomerular diseases)
- Minimal Change Disease (pathogenesis+ morphology)
- Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (pathogenesis+ morphology)
003: Membranous Nephropathy
- primary and secondary etiologies
- pathogenesis+ morphology
004: Nephritic syndrome (it is the inflammatory process therefore every glomerulonephritis is the cause of this syndrome)
- Definition and hallmarks and their pathogenesis (given in start of chapter)
- Etiologies (MPGN, PSGN, RPGN, IgA nephropathy- most common glomerulonephritis, Alport syndrome)
- Lab findings, management and complications are according to the type of etiological disease.
005: PSGN
- Etiological infections, immunopathogenesis, morphology
006: Ig A nephropathy
- Etiology and risk factors (like viral infections of URT etc.
- pathogenesis
- morphology
- clinical features (like episodes of microscopic and gross hematuria )
- Prognosis depends upon findings of renal biopsy(4 features)
- Difference from Henoch schnolein purpura( it’s a systemic disease inv other systems as well)
- Management and diagnosis ( google it)
007: RPGN (it’s not a specific type of primary glomerular disease but it’s a sequelae of any severe rapidly progressing glomerulonephritis)
- immunological types( best given in pathoma) also do it from pathogenesis
- morphology
TUBULOINTERSTITIAL DISORDERS
008: Acute tubular necrosis
- Definition, types/etiologies (ischemic and nephrotoxic) , pathogenesis, morphologies, clinical features, management ( not given in book).
009: Tubulointerstitial nephritis (aka pyelonephritis)
- acute pyelonephritis: pathogenesis is very imp- hematological and ascending infections) , risk factors ( catheterization, female gender, etc.) morphology- papillary necrosis ( also in diabatic nephropathy and SCD) , clinical features
- Chronic pyelonephritis: 3 types , morphology-thyroidization, clinical features.
- Drug induced nephritis ( complete)
010: PKD
- Genetic factors( autosomal dominant + recessive)
- pathogenesis: cyst formation
- morphology
- clinical features and management ( google)
RENAL FAILURE
- Chronic Kidney disease ( pathogenesis , clinical features)
OBSTRUCTIVE & INFECTIVE UROPATHIES
- Urolithiasis: types of stones and pathogenesis , clinical features
- Hydronephrosis- congenital and acquired , pathogenesis clinical features
- Prostatitis (male genital system; ch 18) , its categories and clinical features
- Cystitis ( ch 18 ) different forms and their pathogenesis+ features
MALE GENITOURINARY TRACT
- Pathogenesis, Etiology, and clinical features of BPH and prostate cancer( ch 18)
RENAL & TESTICULAR TUMORS
- Renal cell carcinoma
- benign tumors( oncocytoma)
- Malignant – RCC ( risk factors, types, type specific etiologies including genetics morphologies, clinical features )
- Wilms Tumor ( given in the chapter of childhood tumors )
- Testicular tumors: summary table , morphology, risk factors, clinical features