Medico Guides 8th Block Minors Guidelines

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UHS 8th Block

  (Module No 16)

Prepared by:    

                          Zernaab Jodat (G11)

                          Shahr Bano Sayal (G12)

                          Chaman Zulfiqar (G12)

Compiled by:

                    Talha Saleem (G12)

COMMUNITY MEDICINE

Recommended Book:

  • Excel 14th edition. (No need to do K-park for this topic)

(N-CM-001)

Chapter 7:

  • Definition of screening (just add word of cancer in this to convert it into def of Cancer screening)

Importance of Cancer Screening

You can do this topic from here:

1. Early Detection:

  • Screening can catch cancer before symptoms appear, increasing the chances of successful treatment.

2. Better Treatment Outcomes:

  • Cancers found early are usually smaller and haven’t spread, so they are easier to treat and more likely to be cured.

3. Increased Survival Rates:

  • Early diagnosis through screening often leads to a higher survival rate and better quality of life.

4. Cancer Prevention:

  • Some screenings (like Pap smears and colonoscopies) can detect and remove precancerous lesions before they turn into cancer.

5. Reduces Cancer-related Deaths:

  • Screening programs have been proven to lower death rates from cancers like breast, cervical, and colorectal cancer.

6. Cost-effective:

  • Treating early-stage cancer is usually less expensive and less intense than treating advanced cancer.

7. Peace of Mind:

  • Regular screening gives reassurance if results are normal and allows timely action if anything abnormal is found.

Imp point, never ever confuse methods of screening with types of screening.

Types of Screening:

  1. Mass screening
  2. High risk screening
  3. Multi phase screening

Methods of Screening

Methods of Cancar screening are not mentioned in book so you can do it from here:

1. Mammography (Breast Cancer):

  • X-ray of the breasts to detect lumps or tumors early.

2. Pap Smear (Cervical Cancer):

  • Collects cervical cells to check for precancerous or cancerous changes.

3. HPV DNA Test (Cervical Cancer):

  • Detects high-risk types of human papillomavirus that cause cervical cancer.

4. Colonoscopy (Colorectal Cancer):

  • A flexible camera examines the colon and rectum for polyps or tumors.

5. FOBT / FIT (Colorectal Cancer):

  • Tests stool samples for hidden blood, a sign of polyps or cancer.

6. Sigmoidoscopy (Colorectal Cancer):

  • Examines the lower part of the colon with a flexible tube for polyps or tumors.

7. PSA Test (Prostate Cancer):

  • Measures prostate-specific antigen in blood; high levels may suggest cancer.

8. Digital Rectal Exam – DRE (Prostate Cancer):

  • Finger exam of the rectum to feel for prostate abnormalities.

9. Low-dose CT (Lung Cancer):

  • CT scan of the chest with low radiation to detect early lung nodules in high-risk individuals (e.g., heavy smokers).

10. Oral Exam (Oral Cancer):

  • Visual and physical inspection of the mouth for sores, lumps, or color changes.

11. Skin Exam (Skin Cancer):

  • Full-body check for unusual moles or skin changes by self or clinician.

12. TVUS – Transvaginal Ultrasound (Ovarian Cancer):

  • A probe inserted into the vagina to image the ovaries and uterus.

13. CA-125 Test (Ovarian Cancer):

  • Blood test measuring cancer antigen-125, elevated in ovarian cancer.

14. Ultrasound (Liver Cancer):

  • Imaging of the liver to detect abnormal masses.

15. AFP Blood Test (Liver Cancer):

  • Measures alpha-fetoprotein, often elevated in liver cancer.

16. Endoscopy (Esophageal/Stomach Cancer):

  • A flexible tube with a camera is inserted through the mouth to view the esophagus and stomach lumen.

Preventive and Control Measures

Preventive and control measures, you can write yourself if you’ve covered levels of prevention in chap 1 of excel, I’m giving below these points too:

Primordial Prevention (Avoid emergence of risk factors in the population)

  • Health promotion from early life
  • Anti-tobacco and anti-alcohol campaigns
  • Public policies to reduce environmental carcinogens
  • Promotion of healthy lifestyle in schools and media
  • Banning junk food and tobacco ads

Primary Prevention (Prevent onset of disease by controlling risk factors)

  • Health education about diet, physical activity, avoiding tobacco/alcohol
  • Vaccination:
  • HPV vaccine → Cervical cancer
  • HBV vaccine → Hepatocellular carcinoma
  • Occupational safety: Protect workers from carcinogens (asbestos, chemicals)
  • Dietary modifications: High-fiber, low-fat, antioxidant-rich foods
  • Sun protection to reduce skin cancers

Secondary Prevention (Early detection and prompt treatment to stop progression)

  • Cancer screening programs:
  • Pap smear – Cervical cancer
  • Mammography – Breast cancer
  • Colonoscopy / FOBT – Colorectal cancer
  • Low-dose CT scan – Lung cancer (in smokers)
  • PSA test / DRE – Prostate cancer
  • Oral cavity visual inspection – Oral cancer (esp. in tobacco users)
  • Community-based screening camps
  • Early referral and diagnosis

Tertiary Prevention (Reduce complications, disability, and recurrence after diagnosis)

  • Treatment: Surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy
  • Rehabilitation: Physical, psychological, occupationa
  • Palliative care: Pain management, end-of-life care
  • Follow-up and surveillance for recurrence
  • Support groups and counseling for cancer patients and families
  • Cancer registries for data tracking and planning

BEHAVIOURAL SCIENCES

N-BhS-001

  • Do this from Section E (Psychosocial issues in hospital settings)
  • For any disease steps are same as psychosocial assessment just give a read to this topic, not imp for seq pov)
  • Topic oncology (page #167)

UHS 8th Block

(Module No 17)

COMMUNITY MEDICINE

Recommended Book:

  • Excel 14th Edition (Chapter numbers are mentioned according to this edition)

ID-CM-001:

  • Chap 4 excel, Pg 93, read whole topic it’s extremely high yield topic as this disease is very common in PAK, focus mainly on its prevention and control measures and epidemiology

ID-CM-002:

  • Excel chap 4, Pg 105, read whole topic with special focus on epidemiology and its prevention and control

ID-CM-003:

  • Excel chap 4, Pg 81 read whole topic, with special focus on epidemiology and its prevention and control

ID-CM-004:

  • Excel chap 4, Pg 88 (rubella), Pg 76 (mumps), Pg 74 (measles), read whole topics, but epidemiology and prevention should be at your finger tips.
  • Must remember name of vaccine for each disease and time at which vaccine is given

ID-CM-005:

  • Excel chap 6, Pg 134, Objectives of EPI, implementation strategy,
  • Page 135 General hazards of immunization, adverse effects following immunization,
  • Page 137, causes of failure of OPV,
  • Table of EPI on Pg 140 (VVV imp table),
  • Common barriers to immunization in PAK are not covered properly in book, do this topic from google/ ChatGPT

ID-CM-006:

  • Excel chap 4, Pg 65, diphtheria VVV imp topic, pay special focus to epidemiology + prevention and control

ID-CM-007:

  • Excel, chap 4, Pg 90, tetanus, again a really imp topic from clinical point of view, read the whole topic particularly focusing on epidemiology and prevention and control

GYNAECOLOGY

ID-GO-001, ID-GO-002

  • All the mentioned topics from Chater 9 of Ten Teachers

PAEDIATRICS

ID-Pe-001 to ID-Pe-003

  • Book: Paediatrics Ahmed Hassan
  • CNS → pyogenic and tuberculous meningitis
  • GIT → chronic diarrhea
  • Respiratory disorders
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