Medico Guides 5th Block (Module No 09) Physiology Guidelines

by

Prepared by: 

                   Usman Qaisar (G13)

                   Ibtihal Iftikhar (G14)

Compiled by: 

                   Muhammad Ahmad Bhatti (G14)

Recommended Book:

  • Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology 14th Edition (Chapter numbers are mentioned according to this edition)

SPECIAL SENSES

Chapter 50:

HNSS-P-001:

  • Read application of refractive principles to lenses
  • Refractive power in diopters formula
  • Fig 50.9 important MCQ
  • Read Optics of Eye
  • Emmetropia (important)
  • Hyperopia complete
  • Myopia complete
  • Astigmatism (important)
  • Give a read to correction of optical abnormalities with contact lenses
  • Cataracts (important)
  • Definition and concept of Visual Acuity 

HNSS-P-002:

  • Treatment of refractive errors (with lenses)

HNSS-P-003:

  • Fluid system concept 
  • Outflow of aqueous humor, Fig 50.18 and 50.20 (very important, proff MCQ)
  • Intraocular pressure normal value (important) + it’s regulation 
  • Fig 50.21

HNSS-P-004:

  • Glaucoma (open + closed angle ) important, from Google or lectures

Chapter 51:

HNSS-P-005:

  • Retina layers (vvv important MCQ) with fig 51.1
  • Fovea of retina (important) + optic disc
  • Rods and cones structure + fig 51.3 (vvv important)
  • Pigment layers of retina (melanin + vitamin A) important
  • Retinal blood supply + retinal detachment (important)
  • Visual pathway from Cones and Rods to Ganglion cells on page 647 + fig 51.12
  • Investigations for retinal diseases from Google

HNSS-P-006:

  • Visual cycle (important) + fig 51.5 + activated rhodopsin 
  • Role of vitamin A + night blindness (scenario based MCQ)
  • Excitation of rods + fig 51.6 + fig 51.7 
  • Do make a concept of hyperpolarization + photo transduction 
  • Read to excitation cascade

HNSS-P-007:

  • Light and Dark adaptation + Fig 51.9 (Cones adapt faster but to a lesser degree)
  • Other Mechanisms
  • Diseases from Google or lectures

HNSS-P-008:

  • Read Tricolor Mechanism 
  • Do definitions of protonope + deuteranope + tritonope (important MCQ)
  • Neural functional layer of retina (important cell types)
  • Visual pathway + fig 51.12 
  • Make a concept of how signals transmitted through electronic conduction not by action potential (important viva question)
  • Lateral inhibition (important MCQ)

Chapter 52:

HNSS-P-009:

  • Visual pathway (vvvvv important for MCQs) + visual fibers going to 5 older areas of brain (page 653 only)
  • Primary + secondary visvual Cortex fig 52.2 + fig 52.3 only till before Layers
  • Effect of removing primary visual cortex in purple box (important)
  • Abnormalities of visual pathway from chart below (vvv important scenario based MCQ)

HNSS-P-010:

  • Physiological blind spot (important MCQ) under Fields of Vision
  • Scotoma

HNSS-P-011:

  • Abnormalities of visual field (same as above + retinitis pigmentosa)

HNSS-P-012:

  • Eye Movements and Their Control complete (scenario based MCQs)

HNSS-P-013:

  • Strabismus (important) + fig 52.10

HNSS-P-014:

  • Mechanism of accomodation (Ch 50)
  • Parasympathetic control of accomodation (Ch 50) 
  • Presbyopia (important, Ch 50)
  • Control of accomodation (Ch 52)

HNSS-P-015:

  • Pupillary light reflex
  • Pupillary reflexes in CNS diseases (Edinger Westphal nucleus) + (Argyll Robertson pupil) (scenario based MCQs)
  • Horner syndrome
  • Differential diagnosis of anisocoria (picture shared below)

Chapter 53:

HNSS-P-016:

  • 53.1 (important) + do a detailed read for better understanding 
  • Impedence matching (vv important MCQ)
  • Attenuation reflex (vvv important MCQ scenario based)
  • Otomycosis and Impacted ear wax from Patho or Google

HNSS-P-017:

  • Read of functional anatomy of cochlea
  • Fig 53.2 and 53.3 (important for MCQs)
  • Basilar membrane concept 
  • Transmission of sound waves in cochlea + vibration patterns 

HNSS-P-018:

  • Function of organ of corti fig 53.6
  • Excitation of hair cells (important)
  • Transmission of auditory signal + fig 53.7 (important MCQ)
  • Endocochlear potential (important MCQ)

HNSS-P-019:

  • Normal rage of hearing 
  • Place principal and Volley’s principal (common MCQ especially ranges at which they apply)

HNSS-P-020:

  • Determination of loudness of sound

HNSS-P-021:

  • Auditory nervous pathway + fig 53.9 (must know the order for MCQs)
  • Types of deafness in purple box (important scenario based MCQ)

Chapter 54:

HNSS-P-022:

  • Primary taste sensations (names + how it produce)
  • Taste blindness (substance used to test for it)
  • Read taste buds and their function
  • Location of taste buds + fig 54.1

HNSS-P-023:

  • Mechanism of stimulation of taste buds 
  • Transmission of taste signals + fig 54.2 (vvvv important)

HNSS-P-024:

  • Definition of aguesia, hypoguesia, hyperguesia, dysgeusia (important MCQ)

HNSS-P-025:

  • Taste preference and aversion 

HNSS-P-026:

  • Olfactory membrane + fig 54.3 (read)
  • Stimulation of olfactory cells 
  • Action potential in olfactory cells 
  • Rapid adaptation
  • Primary sensations of smell (important viva question)
  • Transmission of smell signals , older and newer olfactory pathways (vvv important MCQ)

HNSS-P-027:

From Patho or Google.

  • Rhinitis
  • Difference between viral and allergic rhinitis 
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