2nd Year MBBS Study Guide

Prepared by:

                   Alisha Athar (G13)                  

Compiled by:

                   Hafiz Muhammad Umair Noor (G12)

Recommended Book:

• Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology 14^th Edition (Chapter numbers are mentioned according to this edition)

ENDOCRINOLOGY

Important Note:

• Endocrinology by Dr Ameena PDF has been shared, it’s better to do it from Guyton and PDF

Chapter 75:

EnR-P-001(a):

• Chemical messengers
• Chemical structure and synthesis of hormones
• Table 75.1
• Clearance of hormones
• Mechanism of action of hormones
• Receptors and activation
• Down regulation of receptors
• Fig # 75.4
• Enzyme-linked hormone receptor
• Table 75.2
• Fig 75.5
• Intracellular hormone receptors
• Fig 75.6
• Table 75.3
• Table 75.4
• Fig 75.7
• Fig 75.8
• Ca calmodulin system

Chapter 76:

EnR-P-001(b):

• Names of anterior and posterior pituitary harmones
• Cell types and hormones of pituitary with table 76.1
• Fig 76.4
• Table 76.2
• Hypothalamic releasing and inhibitory harmones
• Growth Hormone (imp)
• Physiological functions
• Metabolic effects (whole v imp read flowcharts from pdf)
• Fig 76.6
• Table 76.3( v imp)
• Effect of GH on proteins
• Effect of GH on Fats
• Ketogenic effect v imp
• Effect of GH on carbohydrates vvimp
• Necessity of insulin and carbohydrates…
• Effect of GH on cartilage and bones
• Somatomedins (vvvvvvv imp)
• Difference between GH and Somatomedins (from pdf shared)
• Regulation of growth hormone secretion (read for concept. you can also read it from pdf)
• Abnormalities of Growth Harmone secretion (complete blue boxes) v imp
• Panhypopituitarism with causes and treatment
• Sheehan syndrome from Google (imp)
• Panhypopituitarism in childhood and dwarfism
• Difference between Loran dwarfs and African pygmies
• Gigantism (before adolescence)
• Acromegaly (after adolescence) also do it from pdf
• Posterior pituitary gland (give a read from pdf)
• Physiological function of ADH
• Fig 76.10
• Vasoconstrictor effects of ADH
• Oxytocin functions

Chapter 77:

EnR-P-002:

• Synthesis and secretion of thyroid harmones
• Steps for synthesis of thyroxine (all steps imp)
• Fig 77.2 (vimp)
• Difference between T3 and T4 (from pdf shared)
• Transport of thyroxine
• Physiological functions of thyroid hormones with fig 77.5 complete till page 948
• Regulation of thyroid hormones (Imp)
• TSH
• Fig 77.7
• Antithyroid substances all (Imp)
• Diseases of thyroid (complete till the end of this chapter)
• Hyperthyroidism (causes, symptoms, exophthalmos, diagnosis (Imp) treatment)
• Hypothyroidism (causes, endemic, idiopathic, characteristics) (Imp)
• Myxedema (Imp)
• Diagnosis
• Cretinism (Imp)
• Difference between Cretinism and dwarfism ( in pdf shared)

Chapter 78:

EnR-P-003:

• Names of adrenal hormones
• Synthesis and Secretions of adrenocortical hormones
• Mineralocorticoids imp
• Glucocorticoids imp
• Fig 78.2 (v v Imp)
• Plasma bound hormones
• Adrenocortical hormones are metabolized in liver
• Functions of Mineralocorticoids (also read from pdf shared)
• Mineralocorticoid deficiency causes renal NaCl wasting…
• Apparent Mineralocorticoid Excess Syndrome (AME)
• Renal and circulatory effects
• Aldosterone escape imp
• Excess aldosterone effects
• Deficiency of aldosterone
• Fig 78.4
• Regulation of aldosterone secretion (v imp)
• Function of glucocorticoids
• Effects of cortisol on carbs, protein, fats
• Adrenal diabetes
• Cortisol prevents inflammation (Imp)
• Anti inflammatory effects (seq)
• Fig 78.7
• Regulation of cortisol secretion
• Fig 78.8
• Circadian rhythm of glucocorticoids
• Synthesis and secretion of ACTH (read for concept)
• Adrenal androgens (complete till the end of chapter) v imp
• Difference btw Cushing disease and Cushing syndrome (google)

Chapter 79:

EnR-P-004:

• Physiological anatomy of the pancreas
• Insulin synthesis and synthesis with Fig 79.2
• Activation by insulin and effects with Fig 79.3
• Effect of insulin on glucose ( all)
• Insulin promotes liver storage and use of glucose
• Glucose released from the liver between meals
• Lack of insulin effect on the brain
• Effect of insulin on fat synthesis and storage
• Insulin deficiency causes lipolysis (Imp)
• Effect of insulin on protein metabolism
• Fig 79.7
• Table 79.1 (v imp)
• Factors that stimulate insulin secretion
• Glucagon (complete)
• Somatostatin in blue box (Imp)
• Summary of glucose regulation
• Importance of blood glucose regulation

EnR-P-005:

• Diabetes mellitus (give a thorough read to whole topic as it is v important )
• DM type 1 (cause dehydration, polyuria, metabolic acidosis, polyphagia… explanation given in pdf shared)
• Treatment of DM type 1 (Imp)
• Type 2DM (causes
• Metabolic syndrome
• Table 79.2
• Table 79.3
• Treatment of type 2DM
• Insulinoma (Imp)
• Hypoglycemia

Chapter 80:

Note: Do this chapter from Firdous. Extra topics to be done from Guyton are mentioned below.

EnR-P-006, 007

• Osteolysis (rapid phase of Ca and phosphate mobilization)
• Slow phase of bone resorption (activation of osteoclasts)
• Fig 80.6 (read)
• Fig 80.8( imp)
• Fig 80.14
• Summary of effects of parathyroid (Imp)
• Do all clinicals from blue boxes (complete)
• Difference btw rickets and tetany

EnR-P-008:

• Adrenal medullary harmones and pheochromocytoma ( from google or lec slides)

REPRODUCTION AND LACTATION

Important Note:

• It’s better to do it from Firdous physiology with Guyton
• The whole topic of reproduction and lactation from Firdous
• The topics which you’ve to do from Guyton are mentioned below.

(EnR-P-009 to 015)

Chapter 81:

• Fig 81.3(total 74 days )
• Capacitation( imp)
• Acrosome reaction (imp)
• Why does only one sperm enter the oocyte?
• Estrogen production in male ( written in blue box) read
• Basic intracellular mechanism of action of testosterone (read)

• Fig 81.10 (read)

Chapter 82:

• Fig 82.3
• Fig 82.4 (concept)
• Fig 82.6(imp)
• Fig 82.7
• Fig 82.8 imp
• Fig 82.9 82.11 read
• Menopause

Chapter 83:

• Double Bohr effect (read once for concept) written in diffusion of oxygen through placenta
• Response of mother’s body during pregnancy (in blue box)
• Parturition
• Oxytocin causes contraction of the uterus
• Onset of labor (+ve feedback)
• Fig 83.10

Prepared by:

                  Aneesa Asif (G13)

                  Nofal Anjum Khan (G13)

Compiled by:

                  Hafiz Muhammad Umair Noor (G12)

Reference Books:

• Lippincott Illustrated Reviews: Biochemistry 8th Edition (Chapter numbers are mentioned according to this edition)
• Satyanarayana Biochemistry 6th Edition
• Harper’s Illustrated Biochemistry 30th Edition
• Mark’s Biochemistry 6th Edition
• Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry 7th Edition
• Lippincott Illustrated Reviews: Cell and Molecular Biology 2nd Edition

ENDOCRINE BIOCHEMISTRY

(EnR-B-001)

Chapter 75: (Guyton & Hall)

• Do this from Guyton chp 75. By doing complete chapter u will cover these LOs.
• Tables of chap 75 are v.v.v.imp

(EnR-B-002)

Note:

• Do this from the pics/pdf shared

(EnR-B-003)

Chapter 19:  (Satya)

• Do this from Satya chapter 19
• You can also do it from Harper chapter 42 (pics are shared)

(EnR-B-004a)

Note:  (Signalling pathways)

• Do this from pdf/pics shared

(EnR-B-004b)

Chapter 23:  (Insulin & Glucagon)

• Do this from Lippincott chapter 23
• Insulin synthesis v.v.v.imp
• Can also do from Guyton chapter 79

(EnR-B-004c)

Chapter 21:   (Epinephrine)

• Do this from Lippincott chapter 21(III-A) page no 317 to 319

(EnR-B-004d & 007)

Note: (Growth, Thyroid & Steroid Hormones)

• Do these from Guyton chapter 76, 77 & 78
• U can also do cortisol and other steroid hormones from Lippincott chapter 18 (VII) pg no 262 to 266

(EnR-B-005)

Note:

• This is a general LO. It will be covered by doing other LOs.

(EnR-B-006)

Chapter 78: (Guyton)

• Do this from Guyton chapter 78
• Pro-opiomelanocortin gene topic complete

(EnR-B-008)

Note:    

• Do these from pics/pdf shared

GENETICS

(EnR-B-009 to 015)

Note:

• Do these from the pics/pdfs shared

(EnR-B-016 to 017)

Note:

• The topic of Karyotypes is not given in the book. Do it from pics shared.
• As far as mutations are concerned, some of them are given in Lippincott chapter 32(II-C pg 498 & 499). Rest will be shared as pics.

(EnR-B-018 to 021)

Chapter 30:  (Lippincott)

• No need to do the the structure of DNA as it is not the part of ur syllabus
• Start from (III-Steps in ….) pg no 462 to 475
• Although whole chapter is imp but the most important topics are below
• Topoisomerases v.v.v.imp
• Leading and Lagging strand imp
• Exonuclease & Endonuclease imp
• Fig 30.21, 30.23, 30.24 v.v.imp

(EnR-B-022)

Chapter 30: (Lippincott)

• DNA repair is an important topic u must do it all
• Pg 475 to 477
• Xeroderma pigmentosum v.v.imp

(EnR-B-023 to 025)

Chapter 31: (Lippincott)

• No need to do structure of RNA as not a part of syllabus
• Start chapter from (III-Prokaryotic…) pg no 484 to 493
• Again whole chapter is important but most important things are listed below
• Fig 31.10 imp
• Post-transcriptional changes v.v.v.imp

(EnR-B-026 to 028)

Chapter 32: (Lippincott)

• No need to do genetic codon as not in syllabus
• Must do Mutations as part of previous LOs
• The topic (III-Components Required For Translation) is not in ur syllabus but u should read it to understand the chapter. Rest is up to u.
• Wobble hypothesis v.v.v.imp (IV-Codon Recog….)
• Do chapter from pg 502 to 510
• Most important things listed below
• Shine-Delgarno Sequence imp
• Fig 32.13, 32.14 imp
• Co & Post-translational modifications v.v.v.imp

(EnR-B-029)

Chapter 33: (Lippincott)

• We did whole chapter in our 2nd yr as college faculty taught us so. They also assessed
• But whole chapter is not in ur syllabus but still its a very important chapter
• Do this chapter from pg 515 to pg 519 then pg 524 & 525
• Lac operon v.v.v.imp (Fig 33.4 ratti honi chahiye)
• Tryptophan operon imp
• Iron metabolism & RNA interference v.v.imp
• Rest chapter is up to you

(EnR-B-030)

Chapter 34: (Lippincott)

• Don’t do complete chapter as not in syllabus
• Do DNA Cloning pg 534 to 537 (Fig 34.6)
• Do DNA Sequencing from pg 539 (Fig 34.9 only)
• Do Southern Blotting complete topic on pg 540. It will also cover Northern & Western Blotting. Also do Fig 34.25 imp
• Do RFLP from pg 541 to 547
• Do PCR from pg 547 to 550 v.v.v.imp topic (Was asked in Proff Written n Viva both)
• Do Human Genome Project from Satya chapter 28

Chromosomal Abnormalities

Pedigrees & Karyotypes

Nuclear Receptor Mediated Signalling Pathway

Mutations (Mosaicism & Robertsonian Translocation)

Mendelian Inheritance Patterns

Hormonal Contraception Compresseds

GPCR Signalling Pathways

Features of Signal Transduction, Types of Hormones & Types of Receptors

Enzyme Linked Signalling Pathways

Prepared by:

                        Hadia Imtiaz (G13)

Compiled by:

                  Hafiz Muhammad Umair Noor (G12)

Overview:

• 2nd year Histology is quite extensive as compared to 1st year
• So we have to do it smartly

Things To Do In Histology:

• All diagrams are important, for better understanding of diagrams consider Difiore’s Atlas of Histology
• For clinicals consult Laiq Hussain and Difiore’s Atlas of Histology
• For theory point of view, we need to do things in Tabular form as there are alot of comparisons so I would prefer ARC notes along with your recommended Books, it would be very benificial Indeed!

Recommended Book:

• Medical Histology by Laiq Hussain 7^th Edition (Chapter numbers are mentioned according to this edition)
• Difiore’s Atlas of Histology

Reference Books:

• Mannual Of Histology (your practical notebook)

• 2^nd Year Histology Review By ARC (Notes)

UHS 4^th Block

(Module No 06)

Chapter 18:

• Microscopic features of Lips, Tongue & Oral Cavity (Read Regardly)
• Histological structure of Parotid, Submandibular & Sublingual Gland (vvv.imp)
• Difference between serous and mucous acini (imp)
• Layers of GIT (vv.imp)
• Histological difference between different parts of Esophagus (vvv.imp) Clinicals (Reflux esophagitis, Barret Esophagus)
• Stomach (Pyloric & Fundic part Diagrams v.imp) Cliniclas (Role of Parietal cells in Pernicious Anemia)
• Small Intestine (Diagrams are vv.imp + Histological features) Clinicals (Celiac disease & Crohn disease)
• Large Intestine (Features and diagram imp)

UHS 4^th Block

(Module No 07)

Chapter 20:

• JG appratus and GF barrier (vv.imp),
• Ureter and urinary bladder (v.imp)
• Kidney (imp)
• Clinicals (Cystitis,UTIs and Urinary bladder)

2^nd Year Histology Review By ARC (Notes)

Prepared by:

                       Hadia Imtiaz (G13)

Compiled by:

                  Hafiz Muhammad Umair Noor (G12)

Reference Books:

• Langman Medical Emryology 14^th Edition

Note: 2nd yr embryo is very easy. All the topics will be covered through langman .Must make flowchart of all the development  and do all clinicals especially the imp ones.

Chapter 17:  

• Development of tongue (read it and write it in concise manner, especially which structures contributing to its development)
• You should know about terminology of tongue clinicals
• Development of palate (intermaxillary seg + secondary palate)
• Cleft lips and palate clinicals (all with defects in which structures)

Chapter 15: (Digestive system)

• Give read to the start of chapter for understanding start of development of Gut tube and know the extent of each part of gut tube.
• Skip all molecular regulations

Foregut:

• Esophagus development (not much important) Tracheoesophageal septum  Tracheoesophageal fistula (imp & for better understanding do it from chapter 10)
• Development and Rotation of stomach along with nerve supply (vv imp specially rotation)
• Clinical: hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (projectile vomit is it’s clinical feature)
• Development of duodenum not much important but make flow chart
• Duodenal Atresia & Double bubble sign is important
• Liver development (not much important but which structures develop from which bud is important) but its ventral mesentery and its developing structures are important. Also read it’s clinicals
• Development of Pancreas (v imp)
• Clinical: Annular Pancreas (vv imp) read rest clinicals

 Midgut:

• Herniation, Rotation & Retraction of midgut is imp for diff clinicals, mcqs and its relation with SMA
• Most imp clinical of midgut is Meckel’s Diverticulum , gastroschisis,omphalocele ,volvus must do them (vvv imp)
• Give read to all other clinicals

     Hindgut:

• Anal Canal development (v imp in gross too) ( both parts of anal canal(
• Clinicals: congenital megacolon (imp) read others

UHS 4^th Block

(Module No 07)

Chapter 16: (Urogenital system)

• Read start of chapter to know start of development
• Pronephros, Mesonephros
• Metanephros (imp)
• Ureteric bud and Metanephric blastema and their further development into structures (v imp)

• Positional changes ( according to location, closeness, hilum and change in blood supply)
• Clinicals: Horseshoe kidney, bifid ureter & ectopic ureter (imp) pelvic kidney. Read rest .
• Urinary bladder development relative to its three parts & urachal defects especially extrophy of bladder
• Urethra development difference in males and females

Prepared by:

                        Haris Nawaz (G13)

Compiled by:

                  Hafiz Muhammad Umair Noor (G12)

Reference Books:

• Snell’s Clinical Anatomy By Regions 10th Edition
• BD Chaurasia Human Anatomy 8^th Edition

ABDOMEN AND PELVIS

Chapter 24:  

Kidney:

• Features and coverings important for viva
• Relation difference between left and right kidney (imp)
• Neurovascular supply (vv. imp for viva difference between right and left kidney supply)

Clinicals:

• Polycystic kidneys
• Renal angle
• Renal stones
• staghorn stones

Ureter

• Relation diff btw right & left ureter imp,
• Normal constrictions v imp
• Neurovascular supply v imp)

Clinicals:

• Ureteric colic (v imp)
• Read other clinicals

 Chapter 30:  

Urinary Bladder

• Gross features imp
• True and False ligaments v imp for viva
• Neurovascular supply vv imp
• Clinicals (Read regardly)

Urethra

Parts are important (do table from KLM)

Prepared by:                       

                        Haris Nawaz (G13)

Compiled by:

                  Hafiz Muhammad Umair Noor (G12)

Reference Books:

• Snell’s Clinical Anatomy By Regions 10th Edition
• BD Chaurasia Human Anatomy 8^th Edition

HEAD AND NECK

Oral Cavity:

• Only supplies (imp)
• Rest give a read

Tongue:

• Supplies & Muscles (vvimp)

Soft and hard palate:

• Muscles and Supplies (imp)

Tonsils:

• Difference from medicnetic PDF

Glands:

• Parotid most imp and supplies of rest
• Waldayer’s ring (vv imp)

Pharynx:

• Only 3 const muscles from table
• Supplies (imp)

ABDOMEN AND PELVIS

Note: For all organs you must know supplies [blood , lymphatic and nerve ] and relations of imp organs [duodenum , stomach , pancreas vvimp and bladder too]

Stomach:

• Stomach Supplies (Proff UQ)
• Stomach Bed (vv imp)

Small Intestine:

• Duodenum, jejunum and ileum supplies (imp), plus difference from jejunum and ileum.
• Duodenum  relations (vv imp)
• Diff  b/w small and large intestine

Large intestine:

• Mainly supplies

Major Blood vessels:

• All are imp celiac trunk, superior mesenteric artery (vv imp) , inferior mesentric artery
• You know origin ,course and branches
• Portal vein (vv imp) (complete)

Pancreas:

• Most imp for relations(from BD) and supplies

Rectum:

• Supplies and relations+supports imp

Anal canal:

• Supplies & diff b/w upper and lower parts (from BD )imp

Bladder:

• Supplies and relations  imp

Must know points:

• McBurney point
• Appendix positions
• Suspensory ligament of duodenum
• Calot triangle
• Stomach bed

Note: For topics from Peritoneum and Anterior Abdominal Wall, they are not sufficiently written in SNELL so you have to do from BD Chaurasia

Peritoneum: (vvv imp)

• All these topics are high yield:
• Greater omentum
• Lesser omentum
• Mesentry
• Lesser sac
• Epiploic foramen 
• HepatoRenal and Recto uterine Pouch

Anterior Abdominal Wall: (High Yield Topics)

From Snell

• Muscles vvimp

From BD

• Rectus sheath
• Fascia transversalis
• Inguinal ligament
• Spermatic cord (vv imp)

Clinicals:

• From shared pdf
• Remember  all clininicals are imp
• Every clinical can be asked in your viva, mcq or written, so don’t  neglect this

Prepared by:

                    Nofal Anjum Khan (G13)

Compiled by:

                    Hafiz Muhammad Umair Noor (G12)

Reference Books:

• Lippincott Illustrated Reviews: Biochemistry 7^th Edition (Chapter numbers are mentioned according to this edition)
• Satyanarayana Biochemistry 4^th Edition

PROTEIN METABOLISM

B-001:

• Structure, just give a read
• Page 292 till Lesch Nyhan Syndrome Purine synthesis (fig 22.6, 22.7, 22.8, 22.9, 22.10 v imp)
• 298- 301 Purine Degradation (fig 22.14, 22.15)

B-002:            

• Page 302 – end of this chap
• Pyrimidine synthesis and degradation (22.21, 22.22, 22.23)

B-003:

• Fig 22.8

B-004:

• Regulation of purine and pyrimidine synthesis on page 392 and 398-399 of Satya chap 17

B-005:

• Lesch Nyhan Syndrome (pg 296)
• Gout (pg 299)
• ADA/ SCID (pg 299)

B-006:

• Fig 22.1 and theory on page 302
• Diff of CPS I / CPS II fig 22.20

B-007:

• Synthetic analogs pg 73 chap 5 Satya
• PABA analogs/ Mycophenolic acid – fig22.7, 22.8

B-008:

• Deoxyribonucleotide synthesis complete along with blue box pg no 297

ACID BASE BALANCE

B-009/10: (From Satya)

• Chap 21 Satya from page 474 (Acid Base Balance) till the end of this chap (along with all the tables) (table 21.4, 21.5, 21.6, 21.7 v imp)
• Tetany associated with alkalosis (do it from google)

Prepared by:

                   Alisha Athar (G13)

Compiled by:

                   Hafiz Muhammad Umair Noor (G12)

Recommended Book:

• Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology 14^th Edition (Chapter numbers are mentioned according to this edition)

THE BODY FLUIDS AND KIDNEYS

Chapter 25:

• Body fluid compartments
• ECF comaprtment
• Iso,hyper,hypo osmotic fluids
• Hypo and hypernatremia
• Table 25.4
• Fig 25.7
• Edema (intracellular and extracellular edema)
• Summary of safety factor that prevents edema

Chapter 26:

• Functions of kidney
• Physiological anatomy of kidney
• Blood supply of kidney
• Difference between cortical and juxta medullary neprhons
• Micturition
• Innervation of bladder(v.imp)
• Vesicoureteral reflux
• Ureterorenal reflex
• Cystometrogram with fig 26.8
• Micturition reflex (vvvv imp)
• Facilitation and inhibition of micturition
• Abnormalities of micturition (vvvvvvv imp)
• Urinary excretion rate equation
• Why large amount of solutes are filtered and reabsorbed by kidney

Chapter 27:

• Glomerular filtration rate
• Composition of glomerular filtrate (read)
• Filtration fraction (definition and equation)
• Glomerular capillary membrane
• Why albumin restricted from filtration (imp)
• Minimal change nephropathy ( proff seq)
• Determinants of GFR ( proff seq)
• Fig 27.4
• Increase glomerular capillary~ filtration coefficient
• Increase GFR with increase hydrostatic pressure
• Fig 27.7
• Table 27.2
• Renal blood flow(read)
• Table 27.4
• Control Of Glomerular filteration and blood flow(compl)
• Autotegulation of GFR(compl)
• Tubuloglomerular  feedback
• Fig 27.11(SEQ)
• Fig 27.10
• Blockade of angiotensin formation .. (blue box pg 340)
• Myogenic autoregulation
• Fig 27.12
• Table 27.5

Chapter 28:

• Urinary excretion and filtration formula
• Transcellular pathway and para cellular pathway (active transport on 2nd page of this chapter)
• Fig 28.2 with net resorption of sodium ions paragraph (3 steps)
• SGLT (2nd last paragraph of page 345) (mcqs)
• Fig 28.3
• Transport maximum,tubular load and threshold
• Transport max of glucose value
• Diff btw transport maximum and renal threshold of glucose ( google)
• Fig. 28.4 (seq)
• Fig 28.5 28.6 28.8 28.9 28.10 28.11
• Fig 28.12, 28.13
• Glomerulotubular balance
• Table 28.2 (read)
• Table 28.3 (2023 proff SEQ)
• Fig 28.18 28.19
• Use of clearance method whole topic (vvvvimp)
• Table 28.4

Chapter 29:

• Osmolarity low and high
• Renal mechanism for dilute urine
• Fig 29.1
• Fig 29.2
• Obligatory urine volume
• Facultative resorption ( the resorption of water that take place in late distal tubule and cortical tubule under the influence of ADH)
• Sea water cause dehydration
• Excreting conc.urine requirements
• Countercurrent mechanism complete + steps involved (vvvv imp with fig 29.4)
• Fig 29.5
• Urea contributes to hyperosmosis (imp)
• Fig 29.6
• Countercurrent exchanger by vasa recta
• Fig 29.7
• Free water and osmolar clearance
• Disorders of urinary conc abilities all (vvvvvvv imp) diabetes insipidus
• Fig 29.9 (seq)
• Table 29.2
• Table 29.3
• Disorders of thirst and water intake (blue box)
• Role of angiotensin and aldosterone in controlling ecf osmolarity

Chapter 30:

• Table 30.1
• Fig 30.2
• Fig 30.7
• Fig 30.10
• Control of calcium excretion (fig 30.11)
• Table 30.2
• Table 30.3
• Table 30.4
• Pg 393-399 (read flowcharts from medical gateway)
• Page 398 (renal escape in 2nd blue box)
• Conditions causing increase in ECF( pg 400)

Chapter 31:

• Acid base regulation ( don’t need to do it again… biochemistry wla hi yahan revise kr lein)
• Isohydric principal in blue box (pg 408)
• How Kidneys regulate ecf H+ concentration? (3 points on pg 410)
• Secretion of H+ and absorption of HCO3
• Fig 31.5
• Table 31.2
• Clinical causes of acid base disorders (last blue box) read it thoroughly and shortlist it
• Treatment of acidosis and alkalosis
• Anion gap(vvvvimp) complete

Chapter 32:

• Table 32.1 (vvvvimp)
• Kidney disease (acute and chronic)
• Acute kidney injury with table 32.2
• Glomerulonephritis
• Chronic kidney disease with Table 32.4
• Fig 32.2
• Glomerulonephritis by chronic kidney disease
• Injury to renal interstitium
• Nephrotic syndrome
• Effects of renal failure (Uremia)
• Fanconi syndrome, barter syndrome, gitelman syndrome, liddle syndrome (page 433)

Prepared by:                      

                 Usman Qaisar (G13)

Compiled by:

                 Hafiz Muhammad Umair Noor (G12)

Recommended Book:

• Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology 14^th Edition (Chapter numbers are mentioned according to this edition)

GASTROINTESTINAL PHYSIOLOGY

Chapter 63:

• General Principles of GI motility(complete)
• Enteric nervous system (v.imp)should know the difference between two plexus
• Autonomic control of GIT (read)
• GIT Reflexes (seq)
• Table 63.1 (seq) imp
• Functional types of movements
• Circulationn(read)

Chapter 64:

• Mastication arc (make a flow chart that how nerve signal went there and there this happen etc)
• Swallowing whole topic with all three phases
• Motor functions of stomach (seq)(compl)
• Hunger contraction
• Stomach emptying  plus its regulation whole before heading of summary (seq)
• Movement of small intestine (seq)
• Movement of colon (seq)
• Defecation reflex (make flow chart)

Chapter 65:

• Pancreatic secretion
• Secretion of bile by liver
• Fig 65.11
• Gall stone formation
• Functions of liver(google)

Chapter 67:

• Whole Chapter to be done

Prepared by:

                     Aneesa Asif (G13)

Compiled by:

                     Hafiz Muhammad Umair Noor (G12)

Reference Books:

• Lippincott Illustrated Reviews: Biochemistry 8^th Edition (Chapter numbers are mentioned according to this edition)
• Satyanarayana Biochemistry 6^th Edition

CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM

Chapter 8:

• Table 8.1(imp) (GLUT-2 bidirectional)
• Sodium ATP dependant transport
• Fig 8.12, 8.14, 8.15, 8.16, 8.18, 8.21, 8.24

From Theory:

• Hexokinase vs Glucokinase difference
• Regulations given in fig 8.16 v imp
• Well fed, Fasting state (v.imp) (class test)
• 2,3BPG in RBC (Rapoport-Luebering shunt) read it from satya as well
• Pyruvate Kinase deficiency (make a flowchart)
• Energy yield aerobic and anaerobic
• Alternate fates covered in 8.24
• Clinical application 8.1

Chapter 9:  

• Fig 9.3, 9.4, 9.5, 9.6, 9.7

From Theory:

• Acetyl CoA production (oxi decarboxylation MCQ)
• PDHC components and their coenzymes
• Aresnic poisoning
• Energy production from the cycle
• Read theory one time and mark important points

Chapter 10:

• Fig 10.2, 10.3, 10.4, 10.6

From Theory:

• Gluconeogenesis definition
• Substrates, cori cycle (viva)
• Regulation by AMP and F2, 6BP
• Phosphatase and translocase deficiency
• Regulation of gluconeogenesis (v imp)

Chapter 11:

• Fig 11.5, 11.8 (with diseases), 11.9, 11.11, 11.12
• Read structure and functions of glycogen generally
• Synthesis and degradation (mainly from fig but give them a read)
• Regulations are (vv imp)
• Table 11.1

Chapter 12:

• Fig 12.2, 12.3(diseases), 12.4, 12.5(diseases), 12.7
• Fructose metabolism read (try to understand its kinetics, past proff has 2-3 questions related to this)
• Sorbitol, and osmotic effects caused in diabetic patients
• Galactose metabolism mainly from figure (galactitol causes cataract MCQ)
• Lactose synthesis enzyme and its 2 proteins

Chapter 13:

• Fig 13.2 (note the coenzymes), 13.5, 13.6, 13.8, 13.9 (NO functions)

From Theory:

• Reactions mainly from fig but give it a read
• Uses of NADPH important: reduction of ROS
• P450 system uses
• NO synthesis reaction and uses (v imp)
• G6PD role in RBCs (hemolytic anemia) scenario
• Precipitating factors (imp)

Uronic Acid Pathway:

• Fig 13.25 Satya, synthesis of glucuronic acid

Sorbitol Pathway:

• Fig 13.27 Satya, also 12.4 Lippincott, pathway in diabetes (v imp)

Ethanol Metabolism:

• Fig 23.15
• Alcohol-related hypoglycemia
• Blue box (fatty liver)

Chapter 7:

• Fig 7.9,7.10, 7.11
• Salivary α-amylase
• Lactose intolerance (vv imp) (also do clinical application 12.1)
• Sucrase – Isomaltase deficiency
• Secretion of HCl (imp)
• Gastric and pancreatic juice from notes

Chapter 6:

• Fig 6.8, 6.10, 6.13, 6.17
• Complexes of ETC and their components (v imp) (electron flow)
• Inhibitors of chain from fig 6.10, also do google for more inhibitors
• Chemiosmotic hypothesis v imp + ATP synthase(V) structure and function
• Effects of oligomycin (F⁰ domain)
• Uncouplers natural and synthetic
• Shuttles from figure
• Table 6.1 diseases (proff 23)

MINERALS

Chapter 29:

• Give a read to minerals from Lippincott 
• Must do tables and figures
• Figure 29.18
• For important functions you can use notes (shared by Shahr Bano Sayal from G-12)

NUTRITION

Chapter 23: (Satya)

• Definition of nutrient:

A substance that provides nourishment essential for body development and growth is called nutrient.

• Macronutrients and micronutrients
• Basal metabolic rate (imp)
• Factors affecting BMR
• Significance of BMR
• Table 23.2
• Physical activity of body
• Energy requirements of man
• Balanced diet (imp)
• Draw diet chart of an infant / 70kg adult (imp) (Pictures are shared in the group)
• Diet chart in pregnancy and lactation (imp) (Pictures are shared in the group)
• Protein energy malnutrition (imp)
• Table 23.7
• Kwashiorkor
• Marasmus
• Table 23.8
• Body mass index (imp)

Chapter 26:

• Anatomic differences in fat deposition
• Fig 26. 2
• Obesity with its types (imp)
• Obesity and health
• Body weight regulation complete topic

Chapter 27:

• Nutrition and life style changes complete topic

GIT-B-001: