Medico Guides 3rd Block Biochemistry Guidelines

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Prepared by:

                           Warda Mehmood (G15)

Compiled by:

                            Muhammad Ahmed Bhatti (G14)

Reference Books:

  • Lippincott Illustrated Reviews: Biochemistry 8th Edition (Chapter numbers are mentioned according to this edition)
  • Satya narayana Biochemistry 6th Edition
  • Harper’s illustrated Biochemistry 30th edition 

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

(Module No 04)

Chapter: 3 (From Satya)

CV-B-001

  • Classification of lipids (V.important for both MCQs and Viva)
  • You must know the examples of each class and subclass and should be able to distinguish them in MCQs.

CV-B-002 

  • Biomedical importance & functions of lipids (Imp)

CV-B-003 

  • Fatty acids and its classification (V.imp from MCQs perspective) 
  • Nomenclature of fatty acids + how to number carbon atoms (when starting from COOH     group, numbering is 1,2,3… when starting from terminal CH3 group, numbering is w1, w2, w3….)  , examples of w3, w6, w9 fatty acids
  • Difference between w3 and w6 fatty acids (imp)
  • Classification on the basis of:
  • Even and odd number of carbons
  • Double bond :Saturated and Unsaturated fatty acids (Mono and Poly unsaturated) 
  • Omega carbon w3 and w6 (as explained above) also harpers table 21.2
  • Essential, Conditionally essential and Non essential fatty acids with examples (V.imp) , toad skin in deficiency of essential fatty acid (imp)
  • Cis and Trans fatty acids 
  • Cyclic fatty acids with example
  • Hydroxy fatty acid with example
  • Trans fatty acid with example and its harmful effects (V.imp)
  • Below topics are not in the LO’s but still we get lots of questions from them in both block as well as in proff
  • Functions of triacylglycerol (v.v.v.imp)
  • Saponification (imp) 
  • Rancidity (imp) antioxidants examples (v.imp)
  • Iodine number (v.imp) , represents degree of unsaturation , if more double bond present , then iodine number of fat/oil is high
  • RM number , soluble volatile fatty acids are higher in pure fat so if RM number is higher it means there is less adulteration of fat
  • Saponification number (imp) , tells about molecular size, small chain fatty acids have higher S.N
  • Acid number , if there is bacterial or chemical contamination, A.N is higher
  • Glycolipids (also called as glycosphingolipids) and its classes (cerebrosides & gangliosides) (v.v.imp)
  • Phospholipid classification (Glycerophospholipids and sphingophospholipids) complete with functions of each subclass  (v.imp)
  • Structure of Phosphatidylcholine or Lecithin (v.imp)
  • Functions of plasmalogens and Cardiolipin (v.v.v.imp)
  • As a whole functions of phospholipids (v. imp)
  • Lecithin-Sphingomyelin ratio = 2:1 after 30th week —-> Lung maturity Infant respiratory distress syndrome (v.v.v.imp)
  • Amphipathic lipids
  • Emulsion (read) liposome

CV-B-004 

  • Lipid peroxidation (v.v.v imp) , prepare it from the PDF shared 

Chapter: 17 (From Lippincott)

CV-B-005

  • Eicosanoids: Prostaglandins, Thromboxanes and Leukotrienes (Lippincott chap 17), also Fig 17.23 for functions only (v.v imp)
  • COX1 and COX2 difference (v.imp)
  • Anti-inflammatory agents (v.imp)
  • Difference between thromboxane A2 and prostacyclin (v.v.v imp)
  • Effect of Aspirin in Low dose aspirin therapy (imp)
  •  https://youtube/-JOn8g8LvwE?si=NvXQb_oGw1yhKp9w

 Chapter: 18 (From Lippincott)

CV-B-006 

  • Lipoprotein metabolism & disorders (pg # 252 to pg # 262), figures are very important for understanding , after doing from book go through that topic from the notes shared to get a stronger grip on your concepts.
  • Regulations of cholesterol (fig 18.21) imp
  • Foam cells (imp) HDL role (imp)

CV-B-007

  • Hyperlipidemias from pics & PDF shared 
  • This is a very important topic, questions are asked every time in Proff from this topic 
  • Must learn the symptoms, causes, names of each type, which type of lipid is higher in blood as scenario based questions are asked from this topic in Written and OSPE both

Chapter: 28 (From Lippincott)

CV-B-008/CV-B-009 

  • Vitamins (Lippincott chap 28 complete)
  • Classification from fig.28.1
  • All vitamins are (v.v.v.v.v. imp), do them completely from text and learn the names of their active forms too, however some important points I have mentioned below: 
  • Vit.B9, anemias and NTDs from its deficiency imp 
  •  Vit.B12, folate trap hypothesis (It explains how a vit B12 deficiency can lead to functional folate deficiency) , B12 absorption and pernicious anemia
  • Vit C , deficiency results in scurvy
  • VitB6 , use of drug isoniazid results in its deficiency 
  • Vit B1 , cofactor for which enzymes (learn), Cinical indications are v.v.v.v imp: Beri beri and its types ( 1.Adult: dry/neuritic&wet/oedematous + 2. infantile beri beri) ; Wernicke-Kosakoff syndrome (cerebral beri beri)
  • Vit B3 (treatment for hypelipidemias , deficiency)
  • VitB2
  • VitB7 
  • VitB5
  • Vit A ( complete as it is very very important), visual cycle, clinical indications, toxicity 
  • Vit D (v.v.v imp), metabolism, function, clinical indications 
  • Vit K in LO’s, it’s not mentioned but still have it’s understanding 
  • Vit E read once
  • Can revise the vitamins as a whole from fig.28.29 

Chapter: 29

CV-B-010

  • Mineral (completely learn)  https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PLk1F96oveZLGGviPzLJDxPCf1FURMT_NY&si=QTY3yYFHA3ldV7v6Zinc (imp)
  • Magnesium, Sodium(imp), Potassium(imp), Calcium(v.v.imp), Iodide, Copper(v.imp). Phosphorus, Selenium(imp) & Sulphur 
  • Menkes syndrome+ Wilson disease (v.v imp)
  • Iron (metabolism, deficiency and excess v.v.v imp)
  • Zinc (deficiency: acrodermatitis enteropathica 
  • Iodine (clinical indications v.imp)
  • Selenium v.imp (Keshan disease from Se-deficiency)
  • Memorize the names of the mineral requiring enzymes more importantly those written in text and then learn from the tables too given side by side.

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

(Module No 05)

Re-B-001 

  • Single gene disorders (cystic fibrosis, emphysema, COPD and RDS) prepare this topic from medico express or any other short book.
  • Emphysema (Lippincott chp 4. Last 2page elastin and emphysema+ fig 4.14)

Chapter:21 (From Satya)

Re-B-002 to 010

  • Acid base balance complete from pg475 to 485 of this chapter to cover all your given LOs
  • This chapter is important for clinicals point of view
  • 3 lines of defense (Blood buffer, Respiratory buffer, Renal buffer mechanisms) (imp) 
  • Metabolic acidosis, Respiratory acidosis, Metabolic alkalosis, Respiratory alkalosis their causes and compensatory mechanisms (v.v.v.v.v. imp), will also be covered from the practical.Learn the normal values and you should be able to tackle the scenario based questions.
  • Tables 21.4 & 21.7 (v.v. imp)
  • Anion gap + it’s significance (v.v.v.v.v.imp)
  • Mixed acid base disorder (v.v.v.imp)

This was all from my side. Notes and all the other learning material will be shared. Make your concepts crystal clear, stick to your guidelines and have faith. Don’t forget to practice your book’s exercise MCQs as many of them are asked in exams. Best wishes !

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