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Medico Guides 6th Block Physiology Guidelines

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Prepared by:

                  Alisha Athar (G13)

                  Usman Qaisar (G13)

Compiled by:

                  Talha Saleem (G12)

Recommended Book:

  • Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology 14th Edition (Chapter numbers are mentioned according to this edition)

SENSORY PHYSIOLOGY

NS-P-001,002

Chapter 46:

  • Start from pg 572, Central nervous system synapses.
  • Types of synapses (imp + learn difference from google )
  • Physiologic anatomy of synapses (read)
  • Transmitter release from presynaptic terminals (role of Ca) (read)
  • Transmitter actions on postsynaptic neurons (functions of receptor proteins)
  • Just shortlist Ion channels paragraph
  • Excitation and inhibition at post synaptic membrane
  • Table 46.1(imp)
  • Table 46.2
  • Difference b/w small and large (neuropeptides) molecule transmitter (pic attached)
  • Characteristics of some imp small molecule transmitters (location , excitatory / inhibitory) pg 578
  • Spatial summation and temporal summation (imp)
  • Special characteristics of synaptic transmission (imp)

Chapter 47:

  • Types of sensory receptors
  • Table 47.1
  • Differential sensitivity ( read)
  • Labeled line principle (SEQ) (imp)
  • Properties of receptors (from Jaypee chapter 139)
  • Receptor potentials (complete) (SEQ)
  • Adaptation of receptors with mechanisms (UQ) (imp)
  • Types of adaptation + examples (v imp)
  • Read fig 47.5
  • Classification of nerve fibres ( blue box) + (jaypee chapter 135)
  • Fig 47.6
  • Divergence signal from neuronal pool with types and examples (imp) proff mcqs
  • Convergence of signals with types n examples (imp) proff mcqs

NS-P-003

  • These los will be covered from snell neuroanatomy chapter 8
  • Personal neglect syndrome (google)

NS-P-004,005,006

Chapter 48:

  • Classification of somatic senses with other classification
  • Types of all receptors, location, speed, capsule, adaptation and sensations (imp)
  • Transmission of tactile signals
  • Detection of vibration
  • Detection of tickle
  • Sensory pathways (most imp)
  • Blue box (v imp)pg 601
  • DCML with fig 48.3 (v imp) ( make your own detailed diagram from snell neuroanatomy)
  • Spatial orientation of nerve fibres in DCML
  • Somatosensory cortex
  • Somatosensory areas I and II difference
  • Fig 48.6 (seq)
  • Fig 48.7 (seq)
  • Spatial orientation of signals from different parts of body in somatosensory Area 1
  • Functions of somatosensory area I (imp)
  • Somatosensory association areas (SEQ) (v imp)
  • Amorphothesis (imp)
  • Characteristics of DCML signal transmission and analysis ( read for understanding scenario)
  • Anterolateral pathway(imp) with fig 48.13( make your own detailed diagram from snell neuroanatomy)
  • Difference b/w DCML and Anterolateral pathway ( google)
  • Blue box (function of thalamus in somatic sensation + corticofugal signals )

NS-P-007

Chapter 49:

  • Fast pain and slow pain qualities + other names
  • Fast Pain and slow Pain ( difference) vvimp
  • Pain receptors and their stimulation with all subheadings ( read)
  • Dual pain pathway (neo spinothalamic and Paleo spinothalamic)(complete topic with fig 49.2 , fig 49.3)
  • Pain suppression (analgesia) (imp)
  • Fig 49.4
  • Brain opiate system
  • Inhibition of pain transmission by tactile receptors (blue box)
  • Referred pain with fig 49.5(imp)(UQ)
  • Causes of visceral pain ( read)
  • Parietal pain (read)
  • Brown sequard syndrome (vvimp) written in blue box

MOTOR PHYSIOLOGY

Note:

  • It’s quite complex, so it’s better to study it from both Snell Neuroanatomy and Guyton, if you combine both, it will be easy to understand, first you should do neuro then physio because some concepts are related to neuroanatomy and others to physiology.
  • General functions from Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology
  • Pathways and circuits from Snell Neuroanatomy  

Chapter 55

  • Organization of spinal cord (last para)
  • Anterior motor neurons (alpha and gamma) (imp)
  • Interneurons (imp)
  • Renshaw cells (imp)
  • Muscle sensory receptors (imp)
  • Receptor functions of muscle spindle (SEQ)
  • Primary ending and secondary ending
  • Types of fibers in muscle spindle
  • Static response and dynamic response (imp)
  • Muscle stretch reflex (UQ) with fig 55.5
  • Damping definition
  • Voluntary motor control of muscle spindle
  • Brain areas for gamma motor control
  • Stabilize body position
  • Summarize all functions of muscle spindle (imp)
  • Golgi tendon reflex (UQ)
  • Fig 55.8
  • Lengthening reaction (imp)
  • Flexor reflex, fig 55.9
  • Crossed extensor reflex (imp)
  • Spinal shock with features (imp)
  • Give a read to reflex arc, its components and types from Firdous physiology

Chapter 56:

  •  Motor cortex, it’s sub area
  • Fig 56.1 (UQ)
  • Primary motor cortex with functions
  • Premotor cortex it’s function
  • Supplementary motor cortex it’s functions
  • Specialized areas of motor control, all with location and removal effects
  • Corticospinal tract ( fig56.4)
  • Rubrospinal tract is accessory pathway for transmission of discrete signals (read)
  • Effect of lesion in motor cortex
  • Role of brain stem (6 points)
  • Decerebrate animal spastic rigidity (imp)
  • Vestibular sensations and maintaince of equilibrium (compl)

Chapter 57:

  • Cerebellum and it’s functions (imp)
  • Anatomical and functional areas of cerebellum
  • Fig 57.2 (imp)
  • Functions of cerebellum (vestibuli cerebellum, spinocerebellum, cerebri cerebellum) (imp)
  • Clinical abnormality of cerebellum (UQ)(Complete)
  • Basal ganglia and it’s functions
  • Putamen circuit (imp)
  • Fig 57.11 (imp)
  • Abnormal function of Putamen circuit, athetosis (imp), chorea, hemiballismus (imp)
  • Change timing amd scale intensity
  • Role of basal ganglia in cognitive control, the caudate circuit (imp)
  • Function of specific neurotransmitters (fig 57.14)
  • Parkinson’s disease (UQ), it’s each cause, mechanism and treatment
  • Huntington disease (imp)

Chapter 58:

  • Association areas, location of each area (fig 58.5)
  • Higher intellectual functions till working memory
  • Thoughts consciousness and memory till end

Chapter 59:

  •  Limbic system it’s functions
  • Functional anatomy +Fig 59.5
  • Hypothalamus fig 59.6
  • Effects caused by hypothalamic lesions
  • Reward centre and punishment centre
  • Specific functions
  • Functions of amygdala
  • Kluver bucy syndrome(Imp)

Chapter 60: (Important)

  • Sleep def and types of sleep
  • Difference b/w REM and NREM
  • Neural centers of sleep
  • Lesion of sleep center
  • Other neurotransmitters
  • Possible cause
  • Brain waves (UQ), each wave (arise from, voltage, cycles)
  • Changes in EEG
  • Epilepsy (UQ)
  • Types of epilepsy (imp)
  • Alzheimer’s disease (imp)

Chapter 61:

  • Difference b/w sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves
  • General organization including box
  • Basic characteristics
  • Table 61.1
  • Table 61.2
  • Alarm and stress response of sympathetic nervous system
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Medico Guides 6th Block Neuroanatomy Guidelines

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Prepared by:

                  Hadia Imtiaz (G13)

Compiled by:

                  Talha Saleem (G12)

Recommended Books:

  • Snell’s Clinical Neuroanatomy 8th Edition (Chapter numbers are mentioned according to this edition)

NEUROANATOMY

Chapter 1, 2, 3 :

  • Skip these chap (not imp)

Chapter 4:

NS-A-003

  • Spinal cord and spinal cord structure
  • Table 4.1(VVV imp)
  • Gray matter and structure
  • Anterior gray column nerve cell groups
  • Lateral grey column nerve cell groups
  • White matter and structure
  • Nerve fiber tract arrangement
  • Fig 4.11 on Pg 141(VVV imp) showing ascending and defending tracks at mid cervical level
  • Tables (4.2 + 4.3 + 4.4) VVV imp.
  • For tracts most of it will be covered through tables but you can make flowcharts and leave rest
  • Fig 4.6 just for   understanding
  • Only Do clinicals mentioned in your curriculum

Chapter 5:

NS-A-004 (In this chap the figs mentioned are VVV imp)

  • Upper motor neuron lesion vs lower motor neuron lesion from google
  • Table 5.2
  • Fig 5.11+5.14 (VVV imp)
  • Table 5.3
  • Fig 5.19+5.20 (VVV imp) Prof questions
  • Fig 5.24 + 5.25
  • From clinicals
  • Arnold-Chiari phenomenon,
  • Lateral medullary syndrome,
  • Medial medullary syndrome,
  • Hemorrhage,
  • Infarctions,
  • Weber syndrome,
  • Benedikt syndrome
  • Blood supply of pons, medulla, mid brain from Google

NS-A-011

  • Cranial cavity Pg 191 complete up to Pg 195
  • Table 5.1

Chapter 6:

NS-A-005

  • Location is posterior cranial fossa behind pons and 4th ventricle
  • Structure (just names of layers)
  • Intracerebellar nuclei name (in order) VVV imp
  • Table 6.1
  • Table 6.2
  • From clinicals
  • signs and symptoms of cerebellar disease complete
  • Vermis syndrome
  • Cerebellar hemisphere syndrome

Chapter 7:

NS-A-006 (a)

  • General appearance, main sulci Cerebral hemisphere lobes, internal structure all this is for viva and OSPE.
  • White matter detail seq
  • Alzheimer disease (clinical Pg 269)

Chapter 8:

NS-A-006 (b)

  • Cortical areas. Don’t need to study everything from there. Much of the portion will be covered in physio
  • Pro tip:  a single Table in BD CHAURASIA (head and neck brain portion) has covered whole of this chapter; you can do that Table if you want
  • Fig 8.5
  • Do All clinicals that are mentioned in your syllabus

Chapter 10: (Basal Ganglion)

NS-A-006 (c)

  • Complete chapter except clinicals

Chapter 9: (Not that much imp)

  • Give just Read to this chap
  • Do Hippocampus formation as an Seq

Chapter 11:

NS-A-008

  • 2,5,7,9,10 nerves are most imp
  • Do rest for MCQs but must know nuclei and functional components of every nerve

Chapter 12:

NS-A-010 (a)

  • Do the diagram of nuclei of thalamus
  • Table 12.1
  • Function
  • Thalamic hand + thalamic pain clinical

Chapter 13:

NS-A-010 (b)

  • Hypothalamus
  • Hypothalamic nuclei complete
  • Hypothalamus hypophyseal tract
  • Table 13.1
  • Hypophyseal portal system
  • Table 13.2 + 13.3 + 13.4
  • All clinicals

Chapter 15:

NS-A-012

  • Brain meninges complete up to Pg 425
  • Dural venous sinuses most imp .
  • Give Read for MCQs to pia and arachnoid matter

NS-A-015

  • Differences b/w sympathetic and parasympathetic system. Skip this (Pg 395) not imp at all

Chapter 16:

NS-A-013

  • Complete chapter except clinicals.

Chapter 17:

NS-A-014

  • All arteries and circle of Willis with diagram (VVV imp stage seq)

NS-A-016

  • From Google
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Medico Guides 6th Block Histology Guidelines

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Prepared by:

                  Haris Nawaz (G13)

Compiled by:

                  Talha Saleem (G12)

Reference Book

  • Medical Histology by Laiq Hussain 7th Edition
  • Mannual Of Histology (your practical notebook)

Chapter 11:

IMP. TOPICS

  • Morphological and Functional classification of neurons
  • Difference between Sensory and Autonomic ganglia (Practical Copy)
  • Neuroglia types and functions
  • Axonal transport
  • Rest give read for MCQs

Chapter 12:

  • Mainly you know which types of layers and cells are present in different cortexes.
  • Cerebellum diagram high yield and very easy to draw

Chapter 15:

IMP. TOPICS

  • Difference between Apocrine and Eccrine sweat glands
  • Layers of epidermis, enlist with some details
  • Cells of epidermis with some details ( 2 to 3 lines)
  • Rest give read for MCQs
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Medico Guides 6th Block Embryology Guidelines

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Prepared by:

                  Haris Nawaz (G13)

Compiled by:

                  Talha Saleem (G12)

Reference Book:

  • Langman Medical Emryology 14th Edition

Chapter 21:

  • Development of epidermis (Our Proff SEQ)
  • Development of mammary glands
  • Rest give read for MCQs
  • All clinicals are important for MCQs and Seqs

Chapter 18:

IMP. TOPICS

  • Development of Neural Tube (At start of chapter)
  • Spinal cord (vv imp); Layers, plates and positional changes must do
  • Pituitary gland
  • Adrenal gland
  • Mesencephalon
  • Diencephalon
  • All clinicals
  • Rest give read for MCQs
  • Rhombencephalon and further subtopics in it are very confusing, so do them just for MCQs or memorize some of their details
  • No need to do Autonomic nervous system and cranial nerves
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Medico Guides 6th Block Biochemistry Guidelines

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Prepared by:

                  Nofal Anjum Khan (G13)

                  Aneesa Asif (G13)

Compiled by:

                  Talha Saleem (G12)

Reference Books:

  • Lippincott Illustrated Reviews: Biochemistry 8th Edition
  • Satyanarayana Biochemistry 6th Edition
  • Harper’s Illustrated Biochemistry 30th Edition
  • Chatterjee Biochemistry

DIGESTION AND ABSORPTION OF LIPIDS

Chapter 15:

NS-B-001

  • Digestion and absorption of lipids
  • Cystic fibrosis (imp)
  • Pancreatic enzymes fig 15.6 (imp)
  • Fig 15.2, 15.4, 15.6 & 15.7 (imp)
  • Role of Bile salts given in Section C “Emulsification in the small intestine”

CHOLESTEROL METABOLISM

Chapter 18:

NS-B-002a

  • Do this from Pg # 243 to Pg # 249 till cholesterol degradation
  • Whole topic is important
  • Fig 18.4 imp (Rate Limiting Reaction) important for SEQ and Viva
  • Fig 18.5 & 18.6 imp
  • Fig 18.7 vv.imp

LIPID METABOLISM

Chapter 16:

(Lipid Degradation)

NS-B-003

  • Do this from Pg # 209 to Pg # 216
  • Beta oxidation (imp for Seq and MCQs) with fig16.15 & 16.17
  • Do all of beta oxidation types with fig 16.20
  • Peroxisomal beta oxidation imp
  • Alpha oxidation (imp for MCQ)
  • Energy yield from palmitate fig 16.18

NS-B-004

  • Carnitine shuttle (vv imp) with fig 16.16
  • It’s inhibitor and source (imp for MCQ + Seq) and carnitine deficiency

(Lipid Synthesis)

NS-B-002b

  • Storage of fats Pg #208 & 209
  • “Storage as TAG components”

NS-B-005

  • Citrate shuttle fig 16.6 (imp)
  • Topic on Pg # 203 “Cytosolic Acetyl Co-A Production”

NS- B-006a

  • Do this from Pg # 203 to Pg # 209
  • Synthesis of fatty acid fig 16.9
  • Fig 16.7, 16.8   & 16.11 (imp)

NS-B-006b & NS-B-007a

  • Do this from Pg # 216 to Pg # 218
  • Fig 16.22, 16.23 & 16.24 (imp)
  • Fig 16.23 for SEQ (imp)

Chapter 17:

(Phospholipid Metabolism)

NS-B-007b

  • Do this from Pg # 224 to Pg # 230
  • Phospholipid structure is not a part of syllabus but it would be beneficial to do it as it makes easier to understand the metabolism
  • Fig 17.8 & 17.11 imp
  • Fig 17.10 for synthesis of sphingomyelin (imp)
  • Fig 17.11 degradation of phospholipid (imp)

(Glycolipids & Sphingolipids Metabolism)

NS-B-008

  • Do this from Pg # 230 to Pg # 235
  • Fig 17.18 & 17.19 imp

Chapter 24: (Lippincott)

NS-B-009

  • Fast feed cycle do all the figures and summary of this chap (this is not an imp chap) just do it briefly

Chapter 21:

NS-B-010

Topic: OTHER NITROGEN CONTAINING COMPOUNDS

NEOPLASIA

NS-B-011, NS- B-012, NS-B-013

  • Do table 37.2 37.3 and 37.4 from chapter 37 Satya
  • do the topic of oncogene, proto-oncogene and tumor markers from the same chap

NS-B-014

  • Chapter 31 from Satya
  • Give a thorough read to chapter

EICOSANOIDS

Chapter 17: (Lippincott)

IN-B-001

  • Fig 17.23, do each and everything (vv imp)
    • Eicosanoids synthesis and functions
    • Which enzyme is constitutive/inducible,
    • Names of COX inhibitors
    • Selective COX-2 inhibitor?
  • This fig is enough for your MCQs and SEQs but you can read last two pages of chapter to highlight important points.
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Medico Guides 3rd Block Histology Guidelines

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Prepared by:

                           Zuha Iftikhar (G-14)

Compiled by:

                           Jawad Ashraf (G-14)

Reference Books:

  • Medical Histology by Laiq Hussain Revised 7th Edition (Chapter numbers are mentioned according to this edition)
  • DiFiore’s Atlas of Histology
  • Manual of Histology (your practical notebook)

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

(Module No 4)

Chapter 13:

(CV-A-011 – CV-A-017).

  • Endocardium, Myocardium & Epicardium (Just Remember the Layers, can be asked in MCQs)
  • SA node & AV node (Go through it Conceptually can be Asked in SEQ)
  • Endothelium & its Functions IMP
  • Layers of blood vessels i.e tunica intima, media & adventitia (Basic Go through) & then you must Know Which arteries Lack which Layer, distinctive Features of arteries, veins and Capillaries from each other is very Important
  • The Difference between Different Arteries, Different Veins & Capillaries can be done from your Histo Practical Notebook or You can do it Thoroughly by understanding Diagrams Along with their histological Features (Very Important to Do)
  • All green Boxes Diseases are a Must Do thing, never skip these i.e Thrombosis & Embolism, lymphedema, Blood pressure Diseases Arteriosclerosis, Atherosclerosis Important
  • Pericytes Important
  • Difference between capillaries types, their Examples (Important Often Asked in OSPE and Written)
  • Vein Types, must do their Difference
  • About T tubules and Intercalated discs (Proff 2023 Question) You have done it in Block-2
  • Lymphatic system is not That Important, just go through once for MCQs & basic general Concept (in case it comes)

Note: Basically, Diagrams Are More Important of these Chapters and are often Asked in     Written and OSPE both

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

(Module No 5)

Chapter 17:

(Re-A-020 – Re-A-025)

  • Proximal / Distal Respiratory Tract Important Question Asked
  • Respiratory epithelium Complete, Cell Names and Description Important
  • Olfactory epithelium, Cell Names and Description Important
  • About the whole tract from start till alveoli u must know about changes in epithelium glands and cartilage (Question Often Asked to tell the Epithelium from start to end of Respiratory System)
  • Paranasal sinuses, Nasopharynx, Larynx Do Their Layers
  • Trachea Important Diagram and Layers Both ( Proff 2024 and Block-3 Internal Repeatedly Asked Question )
  • Difference b/w intra and extra pulmonary bronchi Important
  • Terminal Bronchioles & Clara cells (Club cells) Very Important  
  • Diff between type 1 and 2 Pneumocytes (Question Asked in Proff OSPE stations)
  • Pulmonary Surfactant, Dust cells and Blood Air Barrier Very Important
  • Epithelium of Bronchioles to Alveolar sacs is Repeatedly Asked. Must remember it
  • All green boxes are Important to Do

Don’t Skip Diagrams, those are Very Important to Do.

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Medico Guides 3rd Block Gross Anatomy Guidelines

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Prepared by:

                            Hanzala Masood (G-14)

Compiled by:

                           Jawad Ashraf (G-14)

Reference Books:

  • Snell’s Clinical Anatomy by Regions 10th edition
  • BD Chaurasia Human Anatomy 8th edition

THORAX

Important Note:

  •  This part of Anatomy is easy when done in a proper way.
  •  First of all use Snell as main book for thorax. However there are several points and LOs in the curriculum which are not in Snell or not properly written in Snell. For them go for BD
  •  In Snell there are 2 chapters of Thorax (Chp 4&5)
  •  For clinicals use TH Clinicals but must give a good read to clinicals from Snell as many lines of Snell were asked as it is in our proff
  • For practice use BRS gross anatomy (scenario mcqs) & past papers
  •  Proff Qs
  • Nerve supply of diaphragm, structures passing through diaphragm, bronchopulmonary segment, root of lung(draw), mediastinal syndrome it’s symptoms and effects (clinical v.v.imp). Guidelines are mentioned according to your LOs

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

(Module No 4)

CV-A-001

  • Mediastinum (boundaries & contents) v.v.imp rom BD chp 17 complete
  • Superior vena cava (imp) from BD chp 19 
  • Aorta (imp) complete from Snell chp 5
    • Must Do relations of Aortic arch from BD chp 19 (also try to do of ascending and descending aorta but arch is most imp)
  • Azygous+Hemizygous+Accessory Hemizygous veins (extremely imp) from BD chp 14
    • do it completely as they are frequently asked in exams (skip relations)
  • Nerve Supply of Heart from Snell chp 5 (under the topic extrinsic nerve supply)

CV-A-002

  • Pericardium (v.imp )  from Snell +
    • nerve supply from Snell
    • Blood supply: Internal Thoracic + Musculophrenic + Descending Aorta
  • Pericardial sinuses transverse and oblique (v.v.imp ) complete from BD + their Boundaries (college block 3 seq ) 

CV-A-003

  • External features of heart + openings in heart (just give a good read to this topic from Snell chp 5) They are mainly asked in Ospe and viva especially on model. So try to do it on heart model and study all landmarks written in text
    • Moderator Band imp for written
  • Arterial supply: Coronary arteries (v.v.imp) complete from Snell chp 5
  • Left and Right coronary artery branches + variations in coronary arteries+ anastomosis + table 5.3 all from Snell chp 5
  • Venous drainage of heart from Snell chp 5
  • Cardiac Plexus from BD chp 18 imp
  • Fibrous Skeleton of heart + valves from Snell chp 5 (imp)

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

(Module No 5)

Re-A-001

  • This portion has to be covered from Snell chp 12 (Head and Neck portion)
  • For Nasal cavity, Pharynx & Larynx give a read to their Anatomical features
  • Prepare Neurovascular supplies and Lymph drainage of all these (imp)
  • If you’ve time just give read to clinicals of Larynx (Laryngeal nerve lesions & piriform fossa)
  • NOTE: Only 2-3 mcqs were asked from these topics

Re-A-002

  • Trachea complete with relations from Snell chp 5

Re-A-003

  • Superior thoracic aperture from BD
  • Inferior thoracic aperture or DIAPHRAGM
    • NOTE: Inferior thoracic aperture is nothing but diaphragm. You’ve to do from Snell from chp 4 pg 202-204 (don’t skip any point and also do clinicals)
    • V.V.IMP: Just do a table of openings and structures passing through these openings of diaphragm from BD chp 12 table 12.1 memorise it completely as it is always asked either in written or in Viva
  • Thoracic outlet syndrome v.v.imp

Re-A-(004 + 006 + 007)

  • Diff b/w typical + atypical rib (extremely imp)
  • Rib viva me sunate hue lazmi lazmi pta hona chahye whether it’s typical / atypical
  • Typical rib (complete)
  • 1st rib (complete)
  • 2nd rib (complete)
  • Sternum (easiest bone of thorax). Do it complete
  • Diff b/w typical + atypical vertebrae (vv imp)
  • Viva me vertebrae differentiate krna ana chahye
  • Thoracic vertebrae ka diff sunte h viva me baqi vertebrae se (vv imp)
  • Vertebrae ke just bony feature krne h. Buht easy h. Abhi ache se kr le ge to 2nd Year me easy lge ga
  • Respiratory movments (pg 234) vvv imp seq. Do it complete till pg 236. Buht se viva ques bhi ha is me
  • Must remember classification of ribs (vertebrochondral vertebrosternal etc. and also that which Rib number belongs to which category)
  • Joints of Thorax from BD chp 13
    • For ligaments just do their names
  • All clinicals
  •  Kyphosis, Scoliosis, Sternal biopsy, Sternotomy, Sternal fractures all clinicals imp.

Re-A-005

  • Thoracotomy (imp clinical)
  • Intercostal muscles (imp)
    • Do intercostal muscles from Snell chp 4 pg 200-202 complete
    • Completely cover the headings of intercostal muscles + their actions+ nerve supply (main things asked are their actions NV supply and also their difference like direction of fibers etc) All this will be covered from Snell pg 200- 202
  • Intercostal space form Snell chp 4
    • In the topic of I.C space, 7 layers are written memories these 7 layers and make mnemonic (v.v.imp)
    • Question is usually asked that IF WE HAVE TO PERFORM LUNG BIOPSY, WHICH LAYERS WILL BE PIERCED the answer is these 7 layers (V.imp asked in both clg block 3 and PROFF viva)
    • Contents of IC space: Intercostal (Vein+ Artery+ Nerve) Mnemonic: VAN (imp)

Re-A-008

  • Endothoracic Fascia Snell chp 4
  • Suprapleural membrane or Sibson’s Fascia + attachments (imp) from Snell chp 4

Re-A-009

  • Joints of Thorax from BD chp 13
    • For ligaments just do their names
  • Mechanics of Respiration (v.v.imp topic) you can cover it from BD but more preferred is that take a good lecture and then cover it from Snell )
    • Vertical Diameter (Piston Pump Mechanism) From Picture
  • Ant.Post diameter (pump handle mechanism) from topic
    • Transverse diameter (bucket handle mechanism) from Topic
    • Muscles involved in respiratory movements (from picture)

Re-A-010

  • Intercostal arteries
    • Posterior intercostal arteries from BD chp chp 14 complete
    • Anterior intercostal arteries from BD chp 14 complete
    • Intercostal veins from BD chp 14 complete (must do table 14.2 from BD)
    • Intercostal nerves from Snell chp 4 pg 204-5
  • Alternate routes v.imp (will be covered from TH clinicals)

Re-A-011

  • Dermatomes not v.imp
  • Rest will be covered in clinicals

Re-A-012

  • This LO is about Diaphragm (for this see previous points above under Re-A-003)

Re-A-013

  • Complete Topic of PLEURA from Snell chp 5 (Layers + recesses + divisions + Nerve supply) all very very imp
    • Blood supply and lymph drainage (picture)
  • Diff b/w parietal and visceral pleura from BD chp 15 table 15.1
    • All clinicals v.v.imp

Re-A-014

  • Anatomical features of lungs from Snell chp 5
  • Diff bw features of Right and Left Lungs from BD chp 16.2
  • Pulmonary Ligament (covered in topic of Pleura)
  • Root of lung (v.imp) from BD chp 16
    • In root of lung cover following headings from BD: Contents+ arrangement of structures in root+ Relations of root (pg 267)
  • Lobes and Fissures from Snell chp 5 pg 232 + table 5.1 v.imp.
  • Bronchopulmonary segments complete (extremely imp) from Snell chp 5 pg 233-234 (don’t skip anything)
    • Also know how to draw (diagram in BD) plus you can watch any video for their diagram as diagram is sometimes asked in exams.
  • Blood supply, Nerve Supply, and Lymph drainage from Snell chp 5
  • All clinicals (bronchoscopy, thoracentesis imp) are imp.

Note: Apparently guidelines seem scattered and keep on switching between Snell and BD — but it is to cover every topic in a proper and in an understandable way. So, when you study thorax, study Snell and BD side by side according to guidelines.

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Thorax MCQs

Thorax Clinical Scenario MCQs

ALL Clinicals of Thorax

T.H.Clinicals of Thorax

Medico Guides 3rd Block Embryology Guidelines

by

Prepared by:

                           Zuha Iftikhar (G-14)

Compiled by:

                           Jawad Ashraf (G-14)

Reference Books:

  • Langman Medical Embryology 14th Edition

Note:

  • Do both CVS and Respiratory System from Langman.
  • Make flow charts for all developments.
  • Don’t stick to every single line.

AXIAL SKELETON

Chapter 10:

(Re-A-015 – Re-A-016)

  • Do Vertebrae and Vertebral Column (Very Important SEQ), Must do Its Diagram Along as well.
  • Anomalies mentioned of Vertebral defects (Do Complete)
  • Do Ribs and Sternum (Important SEQ as well) Along with their Anomalies
  • For axial Skeleton overview: From sthe start of chapter, Just Go through once as it is not linked to Your Syllabus but mentioned in LOs, you just have to know basic overview of Axial skeleton and factors contributing.
  • Regarding anomalies of Axial Skeleton, you have to do those, as they were asked from us in Proff 2024, you can’t skip Anomalies.

Chapter 7:

(Re-A-017)

  • Diaphragm and thoracic cavity (Do it completely till the End of Chapter)
  • Sources of Diaphragm is a repeatedly asked question. Do it Conceptually and Thoroughly. (Proff 2023 Question)
  • Must do Anomalies of Diaphragm Like Diaphragmatic Hernia etc (Important)

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

Chapter 13:

(CV-A-004 – CV-A-010)

This chapter is tricky to Understand, for this firstly take Ninja Nerd Lecture to Grasp the Concept properly and then readout the textbook thoroughly. Otherwise, you will not be able to retain it.

  • Do all the developments from establishment and patterning of primary heart field semilunar valves. These are often asked in SEQ and OSVE as well. Must Do all these through lectures (Otherwise it will be difficult to Understand)
  • Most Important Among these are:
    • Cardiac Loop formation
    • Septum formation in the common atrium (Proff Viva Question)
    • Formation of left atrium and pulmonary Vein
    • Septum formation in the atrioventricular Canal
    • Septum formation in the truncus arteriosus and Conus Cordis (Proff Question)
  • You must have to do all as well, anyone of them might come.
  • Must do All the clinicals In between. (Important as well)
  • Formation of Conducting system of heart, Do it thoroughly
  • Table 13.1 Not important (Just Go through for MCQs, to remember event Duration)
  • Must do derivatives of aortic arches only table 13.2 (Important to Do)
  • Vascular System: Arterial System (Changes that occur with alteration in aortic arch system) Very Important SEQ.
  • Course of Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve is an important SEQ
  • Rest of arteries: vitelline, Umbilical Coronary Do Understand it atleast, They are often asked at VIVA stations and MCQs
  • Clinicals of arterial System are very Important
  • Venous System: Do Understand Coronary, Vitelline, umblical and Cardinal Veins for Viva and MCQs.
  • Development of IVC Important SEQ
  • Clinicals of venous system Must to do
  • The rest of the Chapter is not Important. Regarding the Lymphatic system. It never Came till now. But to be on the safe side. At least, you must have a concept of it.

Most Important Clinicals:

  • Dextrocardia
  • Tetralogy of Fallot
  • Patent ductus arteriosus
  • Unequal division of arterial trunks
  • Transposition of great
  • Vessels and Valvular stenosis
  • Coarctation of aorta

Note: These are most important clinicals but you have to do all the clinicals because mostly SEQs are asked from clinicals.

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

Chapter 14:

(Re-A-018 – 019)

Note: Do watch Ninja Nerd Lecture for it as well before Reading. It is a very Easy Chapter.

  • Formation of lung bud
  • Larynx, Trachea, bronchi & Lungs (Do All by Ninja Nerd Lecture)
  • Maturation of lungs make a flow chart (not as such important)
  • Table 14.1 maturation of lungs, must do week duration as well, You have to write it properly (Proff 2024 Question + Block 3 Internal Question)

Clinicals:

  • Esophageal atresia (Repeatedly Asked SEQ, Viva Question)
  • VECTERL (Do Read it Out for MCQs)
  • Respiratory distress syndrome (v.v imp)

Note: As I Always Mention, After Doing Any Chapter of Embryology, Do Go through the Question written at the End of Each chapter. In Proff Exams, Exact These statements are Asked in SEQ Questions, you can check out Proff Question paper of 2023. Repeatedly asked in Blocks. So, you must have to go Through these Questions at the End. Answer key of these Questions is given at the End of Book Langman.
Best wishes ~ Zuha Iftikhar

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Medico Guides 3rd Block Biochemistry Guidelines

by

Prepared by:

                            Ahsan Ali (G-14)

Compiled by:

                           Jawad Ashraf (G-14)

Reference Books:

  • Lippincott Illustrated Reviews: Biochemistry 8th Edition (Chapter numbers are mentioned according to this edition)
  • Satya narayana Biochemistry 6th Edition
  • Harper’s illustrated Biochemistry 30th edition

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

(Module No 04)

CV-B-001

  • Classification of lipids (Satya chap 3)
  • You must know one example
  • Every classification

CV-B-002

  • Biomedical importance & functions of lipids(imp) (Satya chap 3)

CV-B-003

  • Fatty acids (Satya chap 3)
  • Nomenclature of fatty acids + how to number carbon atoms (when starting from COOH     group, numbering is 1,2,3… when starting from terminal CH3 group, numbering is w1, w2, w3….) 
  • Saturated and unsaturated fatty acids with examples (v.imp) w3, w6 and w9 fatty acids (also harper table 21.2) and also their functions (vv.imp)
  • Essential fatty acids (functions, toad skin)
  • Examples of hydroxy fatty acids + cyclic fatty acids(read)
  • Trans fatty acids (adverse effects) (v.v.v.v.v.imp)
  • Below topics are not your LO’s but still we got questions from them in block and prof!!!
  • Functions of triacylglycerol (v.v.v.imp)
  • Saponification (imp)
  • Rancidity (imp) antioxidants examples (v.imp)
  • Iodine number (v.imp)
  • RM number 
  • Saponification number (imp)
  • Acid number
  • Glycolipids (cerebrosides & gangliosides) (v.v.imp)
  • Phospholipid classification with functions (v.imp)
  • Structure of Phosphatidylcholine or Lecithin (v.imp)
  • Functions of plasmalogens and Cardiolipin (v.v.v.imp)
  • As a whole functions of phospholipids (v. imp)
  • Lecithin-Sphingomyelin ratio = 2:1 after 30th week —-> Lung maturity Infant respiratory distress syndrome (v.v.v.imp)
  • Amphipathic lipids
  • Emulsion (read)liposome

CV-B-004

  • Lipid peroxidation from the pics shared

CV-B-005

  • Eicosanoids (Lippincott chap 17 Fig 17.23 only (v.v imp)
  •  https://youtube/-JOn8g8LvwE?si=NvXQb_oGw1yhKp9w

CV-B-006

  • Lipoprotein metabolism & disorders (Lippincott chap 18 pg # 252 to pg # 262+ fig imp)
  • Regulations of cholesterol (fig 18.21) imp
  • Foam cells (imp) HDL role (imp)

CV-B-007/CV-B-008

  • Hyperlipidemias from pics & PDF shared

CV-B-009/CV-B-010

  • Vitamins (Lippincott chap 28 complete)
  • All vitamins are (v.v.v.v.v. imp)
  • Vit.B9 and Vit.B12, folate trap, B12 absorption, VitA and VitD are much imp their clinical (deficiency and excess) also.

CV-B-011

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

(Module No 05)

Re-B-001

  • Single gene disorders (cystic fibrosis & emphysema) from PowerPoint slides shared
  • Emphysema (lippon chp 4. Last 2page elastin and emphysema+ fig 4.14)

Re-B-002

  • Diseases from your class lectures

Re-B-003

  • Acid Base Balance (Satya chap 21 pg # 475 to pg # 485)
  • This chapter is important for clinicals point of view
  • 3 lines of defense (Blood buffer, Respiratory buffer, Renal buffer mechanisms) (imp)
  • Metabolic acidosis, Respiratory acidosis, Metabolic alkalosis, Respiratory alkalosis their causes and compensatory mechanisms (v.v.v.v.v. imp)
  • Tables 21.4 & 21.7 (v.v. imp)
  • Anion gap + it’s significance (v.v.v.v.v.imp)
  • Mixed acid base disorder (v.v.v.imp)
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Medico Guides 3rd Block (Module No 05) Physiology Guidelines

by

Prepared by:

                           Mahnoor (G-14)

Compiled by:

                            Jawad Ashraf (G-14)

Recommended Book:

  • Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology 14th Edition (Chapter numbers are mentioned according to this edition)

RESPIRATION

Note:

  • Watch medical gateway lectures and try to give read to guyton once to grasp concept

Chapter 38:

(Re-P-001 – 004)

  • Muscles involved in normal and laboured breathing (viva)
  • Pressure that causes movement of air in and out Fig 38.2 vv imp (viva /qs)
  • Compliance of lungs with fig 38.3 and 38.4 and factors (v.imp qs / viva)
  • Work of breathing (blue box)
  • Pulmonary volumes and capacities with fig 38.6(whole topic v.v.v imp)
  • FEV1/FVC ratio clinical importance in obstructive and restrictive lung disease (v.v.v.imp viva/qs)
  • Minute respiratory volume and alveolar ventilation and rate of ventilation (Viva)
  • Dead space and its types (v.v Imp viva)
  • Cough reflex / Sneez reflex (blue box)

Chapter 39:

(Re-P005 -006)

  • Pressures in pulmonary system (read +mcqs)
  • Blood volume of lungs (mcqs)
  • Blood flow through lungs and its distribution (read)
  • Three zones of blood flow (pg505-507) imp
  • Capillary dynamics (understand this topic for concept)
  • ⁠Pulmonary edema (v.v.v.v.imp viva/proff qs)
  • Fluid in pleural cavity (read)
  • Pleural Effusion and causes (viva)

Chapter 40:

(Re-P 007)

  • (Skip from the start until 515)
  • Diffusion of gases through resp membrane (pg 515-517)

(Re-P 011)

  • V/Q ratio blue box at the end of ch 40 (vvimp)
  • Abnormalities of V/Q ratio (proff qs)

Chapter 41:

(Re-P008-010)

  • Transport of Oxygen (read)
  • Bohr Effect with fig 41.10 and factors (proff qs)
  • Transport of oxygen in dissolved state blue box(mcq)
  • CO poisoning blue box with fig 41.12(viva)
  • Transport of CO2 with Fig 41.13 imp
  • Cl Shift/Hamburger phenomenon (vvimp)
  • Haldane effect with Fig 41.15(imp)
  • Respiratory Exchange Ratio (Viva)

Chapter 42:

(Re-P016-018)

  • ⁠Respiratory Centers (viva)
  • Inspiratory Ramp signal (proff qs)
  • Hering-Brerer reflex (viva/ seq)
  • Chemical control (pg 533-536) imp
  • Regulation of Respiration in exercise (imp)
  • Periodic breathing and Chenye stroke Breathing (blue box)
  • Sleep apnea

Chapter 43: (Most Important)

(Re-P019-030)

Note: Scenario type questions can be asked so do the diseases carefully.

  • Pathophysiology of following diseases (Risk factors, causes, management)
  • Pneumonia
  • Tuberculosis
  • RDS
  • Asthma
  • Cyanosis and its types
  • Dyspnea
  • Pneumothorax
  • Pleuritis
  • Bronchitis
  • Respiratory failure
  • Hypoxia and its types

(Hypoxia inducible factors do this topic from ch 44 pg 555)

Chapter 44:

(Re-P-013 – 014)

  • Acclimatization
  • Acute mountain sickness
  • Chronic mountain sickness
  • Decompression sickness from ch 44

These terms are frequently asked in viva so do them properly

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