medicoguides.com

Prepared by:

                  Harris Nawaz (G13)  

Compiled by:

                  Hafiz Muhammad Umair Noor (G12)

Reference Books:

• Snell’s Clinical Anatomy By Regions 11 Edition
• BD Chaurasia Human Anatomy 8^th Edition

HEAD AND NECK

Note:

• Head and Neck is quiet lengthy topic so u have to deal it in smart way. Keep the things short, simple and do maximum shortlisting/cutting. Also don’t skip past papers.
• Some topics you are going to find from BD, for rest use Snell as your main book

Eye:

• Extra ocular msls PP SEQ
• Lacrimal gland imp
• Orbital cavity boundaries u’ll done it by looking at skull
• Rest of whole topic give read
• Regarding eye your max concepts r going to cover from physio and histo so dw.

Nasal Portion:

• Nerve supplies are imp
• Paranasal sinuses are imp mcqs also do components of its walls

Ear:

• Tympanic cavity boundaries (vv imp seq)
• Tympanic membrane (imp)
• Do muscle table and contents of middle ear only names 
• Rest whole topic read (going to be done by physio)

Tongue:

• Muscle table + supplies (vv imp)

Skull:

• Not comes in written
• Just look at skull and have concept about main points like gross bones and sutures but one thing vv impp FORAMINAS they are vv imp for mcqs ospe and viva ( st. passing by foraminas)

Scalp:

• Each and every point imp
• Also do diag of arterial and nerve supply

Face:

• Again and imp topic 
• Supplies are important
• Its diagrams are bit complicated so do in a simple way

Danger Area:

• Do it from pp/ clinical pdf + clinical significance (imp)

TMJ:

• Important seq, do its each and every point
• Only know the names of muscle causing specific movement, not detailed theory
• Muscles of mastication (vv imp)

Parotid Gland:

• Parotid gland is important
• For rest of 2 glands do supplies and then read

Oral Cavity:

• You’ve done it in block 4 so revise the same (supplies imp)

Palate:

• supplies + muscle table (imp)

Cervical Vertebrae:

• Not impotant
• You can skip or ask from your teacher regarding this

Prevertebral:

• Muscles (only do their names)
• Regarding their origin and insertions they are quiet hard to cram

Deep cervical Fascia:

• vv imp + clinical significance from pp pdf

Facial Spaces:

• vv imp viva question from BD 112

Supra and Infra Hyoid Muscles:

• You get their origin and insertions by doing their names

Ansa Cervicalis: (BD 107)

SCM &TRAP (from UL table)

Triangles

• Most imp seq
• Sub Occipital Triangle (BD 201)
• Posterior Triangle (BD 93)
• Anterior Triangle (BD 103) (digastric and carotid most imp)

Trachea & Esophagus:

• Supplies are important

Thyroid Gland (vv imp) 

• Para Thyroid gland supplies
• Pituitary Gland also important

Carotid Artery: (imp)

Carotid Sinus and Body (pp seq)

Venous Drainage (Read)

Lymph Nodes (Names only)

Cervical plexus

• Table from snell + location

Pharynx, Larynx, Tonsils:

• supplies + msls (imp)
• From Pharynx only do 3 constrictors

Ganglia

• From summary of BD (last ch )

Nerves 

• only do 2nd ,5th and 7th nerves in detail
• For rest do their comp and foraminas from table on snell.

Note:

• In ur block 5 u’ve 1st 8 cranial nerves in syllabus .
• For nerves must see pp how the qs is asked and which points u r going to cover.
• Ohh , such a huge topic guys but by multiple revisions and relating with pp u’ll have grasp on it INSHAALLAH
• If there is something missing kindly feel free to reach out 
• And last but not least CLINICALS
• from pdf , give read to all for mcqs and for written do only that r given in pp or if I find imp clinicals names then I’ll share it .

Revised Important Clinicals 2nd Year

Prepared by:

                        Shahar Bano Sayal (G12)

Compiled by:

                        Hafiz Muhammad Umair Noor (G12)

PATHOLOGY

Note:

• As it is minor, so give a read to whole topic and go for imp investigations. Imp thing to do is morphology….usy ratta Mar lena.

Recommended Books:

• Pathoma
• Ali Raza morphologies

Endocrine Pathology:

• Chapter 15 from Pathoma
• Just do mentioned topics from your syllabus..!

Female Reproductive Pathology:

• Chapter 13 from pathoma
• From gestational pathology (just give a read to mentioned topics)

Male Reproductive Pathology:

• Chapter 14 from pathoma
• Just give a read to testicular torsion

Rest of Topics in LOS:

• These are not important you can prepare it from chapter 2 /medicnetic

Prepared by:

                        Hadia Imtiaz (G13)

Compiled by:

                        Hafiz Muhammad Umair Noor (G12)

UHS 5^th Block

  (Module No 08)

Recommended Books:

• Medical Histology by Laiq Hussain 7^th Edition (Chapter numbers are mentioned according to this edition)
• Difiore’s Atlas of Histology

Reference Books:

• Manual Of Histology (your practical notebook)
• 2^nd Year Histology Review By ARC (Notes)

Note:

• All the important stuff will be covered through ARC notes, So don’t study whole laiq Hussain for this minor portion. Cover all your topics from ARC then if something is left prefer practical notebook over Laiq. Still Chapter number From Laiq are mentioned below.

Chapter 18:

EnR-A-035:

• Enteroendocrine cells with complete classification
• Gastric Carcinoid Tumors

Chapter 16:

EnR-A-036:

• Hypophysis complete topic upto neurohypophysis also covered in ARC
• Pituitary Adenomas

EnR-A-037:

• Adrenal gland complete topic upto adrenal medulla ARC
• Addison disease

EnR-A-038:

• Diffuse neuroendocrine system on the first page of the chapter
• Endocrine part of pancreas ARC
• Cell types in islets of langerhans
• Diabetes mellitus complete yellow box

EnR-A-039:covered in ARC

• Thyroid gland complete
• Parathyroid gland complete
• Pineal gland complete

Chapter 21: (almost whole covered in ARC except BPH)

EnR-A-040:

• Testes  imp
• Sertoli cells
• Blood testis barrier imp
• Function of Sertoli cells imp

EnR-A-041:

• Epididymis complete

EnR-A-042:

• Ductus deferens complete topic

EnR-A-043:

• Seminal vesicles complete topic

EnR-A-044:

• Prostate gland complete
• Yellow box complete (BPH) Important

Chapter 22: (Covered in ARC except the bold topics)

EnR-A-045:

• Ovaries complete topic
• Ovarian cycle complete upto fate of corpus luteum
• Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

EnR-A-046:

• Uterus complete topic
• Menstrual cycle complete with all phases

EnR-A-047:

• Uterine tubes imp

EnR-A-048:

• Uterine cervix complete
• Nabothian cyst in yellow box complete

EnR-A-049:

• Vagina

EnR-A-050:

• Mammary glands complete topic till end of chapter including yellow box of Brest CA.

UHS 5^th Block

(Module No 09)

Chapter 18:

HNSS-A-043: (also covered in ARC)

• Tongue complete topic upto foliate papillae
• Taste buds

Chapter 19:

HNSS-A-044: (also covered in ARC)

• Parotid gland
• Submandibular gland
• sublingual gland
• Compare and contrast the histology of all 3 glands from Google

HNSS-A-045: (also covered in ARC)

• serous cells
• mucous cells
• Their histological diff from Google

Chapter 16:

HNSS-A-046: (Already done)

• Thyroid gland complete
• parathyroid gland complete

Chapter 23:

HNSS-A-047:

• Cornea layers
• Retina layers name +disease
• Eyelids not imp do only diagram

Chapter 24:

HNSS-A-048:

• Internal Ear (Not imp)

Prepared by:

                 Hadia Imtiaz (G13)   

Compiled by:

                  Hafiz Muhammad Umair Noor (G12)

UHS 5^th Block

  (Module No 08)

Reference Books:

• Langman Medical Emryology 14th Edition

Note:

• Only Langman is enough. Make flowcharts of imp topics and MCQs are often asked e.g which part develops from which embryonic tissue

Chapter 17:

EnR-A-026:

• Complete thyroid development (initial development and descent + types of cells)
• Thyroglossal duct/cyst is very imp

EnR-A-027:

• Written in 3rd and 4th pharyngeal pouches (understand and try to write it in your own words as it’s scattered here)
• Histogenesis

EnR-A-028:

• Simple clinical, especially remembering the most common ectopic/aberrant location.

Chapter 16 / Urogenital System

EnR-A-032:

• The concept about indifferent gonads and SRY gene is imp, rest is just read
• Development of testis (read)
• Descent of testis(imp)

EnR-A-033:

• Clinical of undescended testis (cryptorchidism) (v imp)

EnR-A-034:

• It covers complete genital system development.
• Give a read to the whole topic from the book (for mcqs and concept) then do it from the 2^nd year embryo notes
• All clinicals are important so do all of them, nothing to skip here (uterus clinicals are very imp)

Chapter 18:

EnR-A-029:

• Pituitary development is written in the forebrain section
• High Yield things are sources and types of tissues (also Table 17-1)
• Clinical [craniopharyngiomas (imp)]

EnR-A-030 & 031:

• Development of suprarenal glands+clinical (not much imp, read it)

UHS 5^th Block

(Module No 09)

Chapter 17 / Head and Neck:

HNSS-A-035:

• Study pharyngeal apparatus and its components table 17.1 (vvv imp)
• Make notes of all the derivatives of pharyngeal pouches, arches, membranes & grooves (as all these often get confused and asked about)

HNSS-A-036:

• If you study thoroughly, all these will be covered in the upper section, these are just sub-divisions of it.

HNSS-A-037:

• All clinicals here are important

HNSS-A-038:

• The thyroid part is covered in module 8.
• Do tongue development and its clinicals.

HNSS-A-039:

• Face and nasolacrimal duct development (especially facial prominences and their derivatives and their clinicals)

HNSS-A-040:

• Simple read to paranasal sinuses (not much imp)

HNSS-A-041:

• Development of lip & palate and their clinicals of cleft lip & palate are very imp

Chapter 19 + 20:

HNSS-A-042:

• Do eye and inner ear development (not imp) from Sharjeel and all their clinicals from books. And clinical from Langman

Prepared by:

                   Usman Qaisar (G13)

Compiled by:

                   Hafiz Muhammad Umair Noor (G12)

Recommended Book:

• Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology 14^th Edition (Chapter numbers are mentioned according to this edition)

SPECIAL SENSES

Chapter 50:

HNSS-P-001:

• Optics of eye(read)
• Emmetropia (imp)
• Hyperopia comp
• Myopia comp 
• Astigmatism (imp)
• Give read to correction of optical abnormalities with contact lenses

HNSS-P-002:

• Treatment of refractive errors
• Definition of visual acuity

HNSS-P-003:

• Fluid system concept (imp)
• Outflow of aqueous humor (very imp) (proff mcq)
• Intraocular pressure normal value (imp) + it’s regulation

HNSS-P-004:

• Glaucoma (open + closed angle ) imp

Chapter 51:

HNSS-P-005:

• Retina layers(vvv imp seq + mcq) with fig 51.1
• Fovea of retina (imp) + optic disc
• Rods and cones structure + fig 51.3 (vvv imp)
• Pigment layers of retina (melanin + vitamin A) imp
• Retinal blood supply + retinal detachment (imp)

HNSS-P-006:

• Visual cycle (imp) + fig 51.5 + activated rhodopsin (imp seq)
• Role of vitamin A + night blindness (scenario based seq)
• Excitation of rods + fig51.6 + fig 51.7 (vvv imp)
• Do make a concept of hyperpolarization + photo transduction (imp for proff)
• Read to excitation cascade

HNSS-P-007:

• Light and Dark adaptation (vvv imp proff seq)
• OOtherMechanisms

HNSS-P-008:

• Read to color vision + do definitions of protonope + deuteranope + tritonope (for mcq)
• Neural functional layer of retina (imp cells)
• Visual pathway + fig 51.12 (imp)
• Important neurotransmitters
• Make a concept of how signals transmitted through electronic conduction not by action potential (imp viva question)
• Lateral inhibition (imp for mcq)
• Types of bipolar cells (imp)
• Amacrine cells (imp for mcqs)

Chapter 52:

HNSS-P-009:

• Visvual pathway (vvvvv imp for proff + sendup) + visual fibers going to 5 older areas of brain
• Function of lateral geniculate nucleus (imp) + it’s layers + gating system
• Primary + secondary visvual Cortex fig 52.2 + fig 52.3 (mcq)
• Effect of removing primary visual cortex (imp viva)
• Abnormalities of visual pathway (chart will share in below shared pictures) (vvv imp mcq + seq)

HNSS-P-010:

• Physiology blind spot (imp mcq + seq)
• Scotoma

HNSS-P-011:

• Abnormalities of visual field

HNSS-P-012:

• Macular control of eye moment (imp)
• Neural pathway

HNSS-P-013:

• Strabismus (imp) + fig 52.10

HNSS-P-014:

• Mechanism of accomodation
• Accomodations for far and near (imp)
• Parasympathetic control of accomodation
• Presbyopia (imp)
• Control of accomodation (Chp 52)

HNSS-P-015:

• Pupillary light reflex (imp for seq)
• Pupillary reflexes in CNS diseases (Edinger Westphal nucleus) + (Argyll Robertson pupli) (imp)
• Horner syndrome
• Differential diagnosis of anisocoria (picture share below)

Chapter 53:

HNSS-P-016:

• 53.1 (imp) + do read a detail for better understanding
• Impedence matching (vvvv imp seq)
• Attenuation reflex (vvv imp seq scenario based)
• Otomycosis
• Impacted ear wax

HNSS-P-017:

• Read of functional anatomy of cochlea
• Fig 52.3 (imp for mcqs)
• Basilar membrane concept
• Transmission of sound waves in cochlea + vibration patterns (imp seq)

HNSS-P-018:

• Function of organ of corti fig 53.6
• Excitation of hair cells (imp)
• Transmission of auditory signal + fig 53.7 (imp seq+ mcq)
• Endocochlear potential (imp)

HNSS-P-019:

• Normal rage of hearing
• Place principal (vvvv imp seq)
• Volley’s principal
• Determination of loudness (imp seq)

HNSS-P-020:

• Auditory nervous pathway + fig53.9 (vvv imp seq)
• Type of deafness (imp seq)

Chapter 54:

HNSS-P-021:

• Primary taste sensations (names + how it produce)
• Taste blindness (imp)
• Read to taste buds and it’s function
• Location of taste buds + fig 54.1

HNSS-P-022:

• Mechanism of stimulation of taste buds (vvv imp)
• Transmission of taste signals + fig 54.2 ( vvvvv imp for seq)

HNSS-P-023:

• Definition of aguesia, hypoguesia, hyperguesia, dysgeusia (imp seq+ mcq)

HNSS-P-024:

• Taste preference and aversion

HNSS-P-025:

• Sense of smell
• Olfactory membrane+ fig 54.3 (read)
• Stimulation of olfactory cells (read )
• Action potential in olfactory cells (imp)
• Primary sensation of smell (vvv imp seq)
• Transmission of smell signals , older and newer olfactory pathways(read)

HNSS-P-026:

• Rhinitis
• Difference between viral and allergic rhinitis

Do all these topics from firdous as well for a quick review

Prepared by:

                  Nofal Anjum Khan (G13)   

Compiled by:

                  Hafiz Muhammad Umair Noor (G12)

Reference Books:

• Lippincott Illustrated Reviews: Biochemistry 8^th Edition
• Satyanarayana Biochemistry 6^th Edition
• Harper’s Illustrated Biochemistry 30^th Edition

CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM

(HNSS-B-001a)

Chapter 12: (Lippincott)

• Read complete chapter but Diseases are most important
• Read to fructose metabolism + it’s phosphorylation+ fructose 1-P cleavage (fig 12.2) (imp) + it’s kinetics
• Fig 12.3 (most imp fig for seq + mcq)
• Enzymes deficent + product accumulate + it’s effect in essential fructosuria and hereditary fructose intolerance (vvvvvv imp seq + mcq)
• Aldolase B deficiency v.v.v.imp
• Mannose conversation to fructos-6-P
• Glucose conversation to fructose via sorbitol (vvvv imp)
• Fig 12.4 (imp) + sorbitol synthesis
• Hyperglycemia and sorbitol mechanism (vvvv imp) and how it causes cataract and peripheral neuropathy (imp)
• Do galactose n fructose metabolism
• Fig 12.5 v.imp

VITAMINS

(HNSS-B-001b)

Chapter 28: (Lippincott)

• Vitamin A (vvv imp)
• Structure
• Absorption and transport + release from liver with fig 28.19 (imp)
• Fig 28.19 (vvvvvv imp)
• Functions (visual cycle) (imp)
• Deficiency (nyctoplasia + skin conditions) (imp)
• Vitamin A toxicity
• Should clearly describe the physiological and therapeutic function of Vit A (Fig28.21 imp)

Prepared by:

                  Hadia Imtiaz (G13)                    

Compiled by:

                   Hafiz Muhammad Umair Noor (G12)

Reference Books:

• Snell’s Clinical Anatomy
• Cover all topics and clinicals from Snell and if any clinical or topic mentioned in your LOs is not in Snell’s then cover it from KLM or any other book

HEAD AND NECK

• Thyroid Gland:
  • Gross features (important) (Location, extent, etc)
  • Relations (v imp for viva)
  • Blood supply (vv imp)
• Parathyroid Gland:
  • Read regardly
• Clinicals:
  • Thyroidectomy and its manifestations (vv imp)
• Pituitary Gland: (not much imp)
  • Location
  • Functions
  • Arterial and Venous supply

PELVIS PART 1 AND 2

• Pelvis:
  • Gross features viva
  • Read true and false pelvis and their content for concepts
  • Difference between Male and Female Pelvis (vv imp)
  • Different types of Pelvis (v imp
  • Sacrum imp for viva only
• Testis: (this portion is written in abdomen portion of Snell’s)
  • Gross features (coverings of testis v imp)
  • Blood supply (vv imp especially venous drainage)
• Epididymis:
  • Read
• Clinicals: vvvimp
  • Cryptorchidism (imp)
  • Varicocele (vv imp)
  • Ectopic testis (imp)
  • Hydrocoele (vv imp)
• Suprarenal Gland: (this portion is written in abdomen portion)
  • Gross features, Difference between right and left Suprarenal gland’s relations structure and Neurovascular supply (imp)
• Clinicals:
  • Difference between Addison and Cushing disease (imp)
  • Phaeochromocytoma (imp
• Urethra:
  • Parts of the male urethra (vv. imp)
• Clinicals:
  • Uretric colic (imp)
  • Suprapubic cystotomy (imp)
  • Rupture of Bladder (imp)
  • Cystocele (imp)

• Ovaries:
  • Read Gross features (Position of ovaries)
  • Ligaments are imp
  • Neurovascular supply (v imp)
• Uterine Tubes:
  • Unimp Do only ns bs
• Uterus:
  • Gross features Read
  • Neurovascular supply (imp)
  • Lymphatic drainage (v imp)
  • Support of Uterus (vvv imp)
• Vagina:
  • Gross features unimp(Read)
  • Neurovascular supply (imp)
• Clinicals:
  • Ovarian cysts (v imp)
  • Chocolate cyst in ovaries (imp)
  • Salpingitis (imp)
  • Tubal ligation and Tubectomy (imp)
  • Read clinicals of Vagina
  • Cystocele (imp)
• Accessory Male Glands:
  • Vas deference, Seminal vesicles, and Ejaculatory duct (unimp)
• Prostate: (vvvimp topic)
  • Gross features all (Zones and lobes vv imp)
  • Capsule (True and False imp)
  • Neurovascular supply (imp)
  • Age changes read for Mcqs
• Vessels Of Pelvis:
  • Internal Iliac artery complete (v imp)
  • Internal Iliac vein (unimp)
  • Lymph nodes of Pelvis (v imp)
• Nerves Of Pelvis:
  • Lumbosacral and Coccygeal plexus (v.imp) (also practice how to draw it)
  • Pelvic autonomic nerves skip them
• Pelvic Fascia (v.imp)
• Pelvic Muscles:
  • Pelvic floor/Diaphragm i.e muscles of Levator ani (vv  imp) (must do) do muscle table only
• Joints Of Pelvis:
  • Sacroiliac joint complete (v imp)
  • Other joints (just read)

Chapter 8: (Perineum)

• Pelvic diaphragm
• Content of anal triangle imp
• Skip anal canal till defecation
• Ischioanal fossa +content imp
• Urogenital triangle imp
• Superficial fascia
• Urogenital diaphragm
• Perineal body imp
• Do superficial and deep perineal pouches +content tables from b.d well written their also do perennial membrane from their
• Penis and scrotum blood supply n.s skip rest
• Skip reat chp
• Do related clinicals

Prepared by:

                   Alisha Athar (G13)                  

Compiled by:

                   Hafiz Muhammad Umair Noor (G12)

Recommended Book:

• Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology 14^th Edition (Chapter numbers are mentioned according to this edition)

ENDOCRINOLOGY

Important Note:

• Endocrinology by Dr Ameena PDF has been shared, it’s better to do it from Guyton and PDF

Chapter 75:

EnR-P-001(a):

• Chemical messengers
• Chemical structure and synthesis of hormones
• Table 75.1
• Clearance of hormones
• Mechanism of action of hormones
• Receptors and activation
• Down regulation of receptors
• Fig # 75.4
• Enzyme-linked hormone receptor
• Table 75.2
• Fig 75.5
• Intracellular hormone receptors
• Fig 75.6
• Table 75.3
• Table 75.4
• Fig 75.7
• Fig 75.8
• Ca calmodulin system

Chapter 76:

EnR-P-001(b):

• Names of anterior and posterior pituitary harmones
• Cell types and hormones of pituitary with table 76.1
• Fig 76.4
• Table 76.2
• Hypothalamic releasing and inhibitory harmones
• Growth Hormone (imp)
• Physiological functions
• Metabolic effects (whole v imp read flowcharts from pdf)
• Fig 76.6
• Table 76.3( v imp)
• Effect of GH on proteins
• Effect of GH on Fats
• Ketogenic effect v imp
• Effect of GH on carbohydrates vvimp
• Necessity of insulin and carbohydrates…
• Effect of GH on cartilage and bones
• Somatomedins (vvvvvvv imp)
• Difference between GH and Somatomedins (from pdf shared)
• Regulation of growth hormone secretion (read for concept. you can also read it from pdf)
• Abnormalities of Growth Harmone secretion (complete blue boxes) v imp
• Panhypopituitarism with causes and treatment
• Sheehan syndrome from Google (imp)
• Panhypopituitarism in childhood and dwarfism
• Difference between Loran dwarfs and African pygmies
• Gigantism (before adolescence)
• Acromegaly (after adolescence) also do it from pdf
• Posterior pituitary gland (give a read from pdf)
• Physiological function of ADH
• Fig 76.10
• Vasoconstrictor effects of ADH
• Oxytocin functions

Chapter 77:

EnR-P-002:

• Synthesis and secretion of thyroid harmones
• Steps for synthesis of thyroxine (all steps imp)
• Fig 77.2 (vimp)
• Difference between T3 and T4 (from pdf shared)
• Transport of thyroxine
• Physiological functions of thyroid hormones with fig 77.5 complete till page 948
• Regulation of thyroid hormones (Imp)
• TSH
• Fig 77.7
• Antithyroid substances all (Imp)
• Diseases of thyroid (complete till the end of this chapter)
• Hyperthyroidism (causes, symptoms, exophthalmos, diagnosis (Imp) treatment)
• Hypothyroidism (causes, endemic, idiopathic, characteristics) (Imp)
• Myxedema (Imp)
• Diagnosis
• Cretinism (Imp)
• Difference between Cretinism and dwarfism ( in pdf shared)

Chapter 78:

EnR-P-003:

• Names of adrenal hormones
• Synthesis and Secretions of adrenocortical hormones
• Mineralocorticoids imp
• Glucocorticoids imp
• Fig 78.2 (v v Imp)
• Plasma bound hormones
• Adrenocortical hormones are metabolized in liver
• Functions of Mineralocorticoids (also read from pdf shared)
• Mineralocorticoid deficiency causes renal NaCl wasting…
• Apparent Mineralocorticoid Excess Syndrome (AME)
• Renal and circulatory effects
• Aldosterone escape imp
• Excess aldosterone effects
• Deficiency of aldosterone
• Fig 78.4
• Regulation of aldosterone secretion (v imp)
• Function of glucocorticoids
• Effects of cortisol on carbs, protein, fats
• Adrenal diabetes
• Cortisol prevents inflammation (Imp)
• Anti inflammatory effects (seq)
• Fig 78.7
• Regulation of cortisol secretion
• Fig 78.8
• Circadian rhythm of glucocorticoids
• Synthesis and secretion of ACTH (read for concept)
• Adrenal androgens (complete till the end of chapter) v imp
• Difference btw Cushing disease and Cushing syndrome (google)

Chapter 79:

EnR-P-004:

• Physiological anatomy of the pancreas
• Insulin synthesis and synthesis with Fig 79.2
• Activation by insulin and effects with Fig 79.3
• Effect of insulin on glucose ( all)
• Insulin promotes liver storage and use of glucose
• Glucose released from the liver between meals
• Lack of insulin effect on the brain
• Effect of insulin on fat synthesis and storage
• Insulin deficiency causes lipolysis (Imp)
• Effect of insulin on protein metabolism
• Fig 79.7
• Table 79.1 (v imp)
• Factors that stimulate insulin secretion
• Glucagon (complete)
• Somatostatin in blue box (Imp)
• Summary of glucose regulation
• Importance of blood glucose regulation

EnR-P-005:

• Diabetes mellitus (give a thorough read to whole topic as it is v important )
• DM type 1 (cause dehydration, polyuria, metabolic acidosis, polyphagia… explanation given in pdf shared)
• Treatment of DM type 1 (Imp)
• Type 2DM (causes
• Metabolic syndrome
• Table 79.2
• Table 79.3
• Treatment of type 2DM
• Insulinoma (Imp)
• Hypoglycemia

Chapter 80:

Note: Do this chapter from Firdous. Extra topics to be done from Guyton are mentioned below.

EnR-P-006, 007

• Osteolysis (rapid phase of Ca and phosphate mobilization)
• Slow phase of bone resorption (activation of osteoclasts)
• Fig 80.6 (read)
• Fig 80.8( imp)
• Fig 80.14
• Summary of effects of parathyroid (Imp)
• Do all clinicals from blue boxes (complete)
• Difference btw rickets and tetany

EnR-P-008:

• Adrenal medullary harmones and pheochromocytoma ( from google or lec slides)

REPRODUCTION AND LACTATION

Important Note:

• It’s better to do it from Firdous physiology with Guyton
• The whole topic of reproduction and lactation from Firdous
• The topics which you’ve to do from Guyton are mentioned below.

(EnR-P-009 to 015)

Chapter 81:

• Fig 81.3(total 74 days )
• Capacitation( imp)
• Acrosome reaction (imp)
• Why does only one sperm enter the oocyte?
• Estrogen production in male ( written in blue box) read
• Basic intracellular mechanism of action of testosterone (read)

• Fig 81.10 (read)

Chapter 82:

• Fig 82.3
• Fig 82.4 (concept)
• Fig 82.6(imp)
• Fig 82.7
• Fig 82.8 imp
• Fig 82.9 82.11 read
• Menopause

Chapter 83:

• Double Bohr effect (read once for concept) written in diffusion of oxygen through placenta
• Response of mother’s body during pregnancy (in blue box)
• Parturition
• Oxytocin causes contraction of the uterus
• Onset of labor (+ve feedback)
• Fig 83.10

Prepared by:

                  Aneesa Asif (G13)

                  Nofal Anjum Khan (G13)

Compiled by:

                  Hafiz Muhammad Umair Noor (G12)

Reference Books:

• Lippincott Illustrated Reviews: Biochemistry 8th Edition (Chapter numbers are mentioned according to this edition)
• Satyanarayana Biochemistry 6th Edition
• Harper’s Illustrated Biochemistry 30th Edition
• Mark’s Biochemistry 6th Edition
• Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry 7th Edition
• Lippincott Illustrated Reviews: Cell and Molecular Biology 2nd Edition

ENDOCRINE BIOCHEMISTRY

(EnR-B-001)

Chapter 75: (Guyton & Hall)

• Do this from Guyton chp 75. By doing complete chapter u will cover these LOs.
• Tables of chap 75 are v.v.v.imp

(EnR-B-002)

Note:

• Do this from the pics/pdf shared

(EnR-B-003)

Chapter 19:  (Satya)

• Do this from Satya chapter 19
• You can also do it from Harper chapter 42 (pics are shared)

(EnR-B-004a)

Note:  (Signalling pathways)

• Do this from pdf/pics shared

(EnR-B-004b)

Chapter 23:  (Insulin & Glucagon)

• Do this from Lippincott chapter 23
• Insulin synthesis v.v.v.imp
• Can also do from Guyton chapter 79

(EnR-B-004c)

Chapter 21:   (Epinephrine)

• Do this from Lippincott chapter 21(III-A) page no 317 to 319

(EnR-B-004d & 007)

Note: (Growth, Thyroid & Steroid Hormones)

• Do these from Guyton chapter 76, 77 & 78
• U can also do cortisol and other steroid hormones from Lippincott chapter 18 (VII) pg no 262 to 266

(EnR-B-005)

Note:

• This is a general LO. It will be covered by doing other LOs.

(EnR-B-006)

Chapter 78: (Guyton)

• Do this from Guyton chapter 78
• Pro-opiomelanocortin gene topic complete

(EnR-B-008)

Note:    

• Do these from pics/pdf shared

GENETICS

(EnR-B-009 to 015)

Note:

• Do these from the pics/pdfs shared

(EnR-B-016 to 017)

Note:

• The topic of Karyotypes is not given in the book. Do it from pics shared.
• As far as mutations are concerned, some of them are given in Lippincott chapter 32(II-C pg 498 & 499). Rest will be shared as pics.

(EnR-B-018 to 021)

Chapter 30:  (Lippincott)

• No need to do the the structure of DNA as it is not the part of ur syllabus
• Start from (III-Steps in ….) pg no 462 to 475
• Although whole chapter is imp but the most important topics are below
• Topoisomerases v.v.v.imp
• Leading and Lagging strand imp
• Exonuclease & Endonuclease imp
• Fig 30.21, 30.23, 30.24 v.v.imp

(EnR-B-022)

Chapter 30: (Lippincott)

• DNA repair is an important topic u must do it all
• Pg 475 to 477
• Xeroderma pigmentosum v.v.imp

(EnR-B-023 to 025)

Chapter 31: (Lippincott)

• No need to do structure of RNA as not a part of syllabus
• Start chapter from (III-Prokaryotic…) pg no 484 to 493
• Again whole chapter is important but most important things are listed below
• Fig 31.10 imp
• Post-transcriptional changes v.v.v.imp

(EnR-B-026 to 028)

Chapter 32: (Lippincott)

• No need to do genetic codon as not in syllabus
• Must do Mutations as part of previous LOs
• The topic (III-Components Required For Translation) is not in ur syllabus but u should read it to understand the chapter. Rest is up to u.
• Wobble hypothesis v.v.v.imp (IV-Codon Recog….)
• Do chapter from pg 502 to 510
• Most important things listed below
• Shine-Delgarno Sequence imp
• Fig 32.13, 32.14 imp
• Co & Post-translational modifications v.v.v.imp

(EnR-B-029)

Chapter 33: (Lippincott)

• We did whole chapter in our 2nd yr as college faculty taught us so. They also assessed
• But whole chapter is not in ur syllabus but still its a very important chapter
• Do this chapter from pg 515 to pg 519 then pg 524 & 525
• Lac operon v.v.v.imp (Fig 33.4 ratti honi chahiye)
• Tryptophan operon imp
• Iron metabolism & RNA interference v.v.imp
• Rest chapter is up to you

(EnR-B-030)

Chapter 34: (Lippincott)

• Don’t do complete chapter as not in syllabus
• Do DNA Cloning pg 534 to 537 (Fig 34.6)
• Do DNA Sequencing from pg 539 (Fig 34.9 only)
• Do Southern Blotting complete topic on pg 540. It will also cover Northern & Western Blotting. Also do Fig 34.25 imp
• Do RFLP from pg 541 to 547
• Do PCR from pg 547 to 550 v.v.v.imp topic (Was asked in Proff Written n Viva both)
• Do Human Genome Project from Satya chapter 28

Chromosomal Abnormalities

Pedigrees & Karyotypes

Nuclear Receptor Mediated Signalling Pathway

Mutations (Mosaicism & Robertsonian Translocation)

Mendelian Inheritance Patterns

Hormonal Contraception Compresseds

GPCR Signalling Pathways

Features of Signal Transduction, Types of Hormones & Types of Receptors

Enzyme Linked Signalling Pathways