1st YEAR MBBS Study Guide

Prepared by:

                      Hanzala Masood (G14)

Compiled by:

                     Zuha Iftikhar (G14)

Recommended Book:

• BD Chaurasia Human Anatomy 8^th Edition
• Snell’s Clinical Anatomy by Regions 10^th Edition

UPPER LIMB

Muscles:

• All muscles from tables of Snell with nerve supply and action (Especially remember actions of muscles as they are v imp) 
  • Muscles of hypothenar eminence(College block 2 SEQ)
  • Also thoroughly go through muscles on model or 3D app because in PROFF we were asked to locate a particular muscle on muscle model and tell it’s action.

Nerves:

• All nerves are very important (Root value ,Course, Muscles supplied by nerve ,branches, lesions covered in clinicals)
  • From Appendix of BD
    • (Sometimes they are not covered from appendix. If, then study each nerve separately in respective chapters of BD and try to combine the course and branches in the form of your own notes) Otherwise go for Snell.
• Preferable to do all nerves from Snell as clinicals are mostly asked from Snell 
• Musculocutaneous Nerve 
• Axillary nerve (College block 2 SEQ)
• Radial nerve 
• Median nerve 
• Ulnar nerve 

Clinicals:

From pdf shared 

• Must give a good read to clinicals from Snell as lines of Snell were given in mcqs in PROFF 2024

No need to do surface landmarks and only some fasciae are important

For Gross Anatomy:

• Try to visualize things first from Atlas/ Atlas app
• and then read book. In this subject , thing can only be remembered when you properly visualize it and then read the book. Also, Revision is the key for retention of content.

Lecture sources that can be used:

• Dr.Azam , Johari Mbbs , Essentials of medical science , TCML others
• Practice MCQs are  v.imp in Gross especially scenarios.
• Use BRS Gross Anatomy for practicing scenario MCQs (highly recommended) as well as past papers.

Chapter 2:

• Bones (Snell’s Anatomy Diagram + Bone models)
  • In PROFF 2024 No diagram of Snell was given Bone was given on which different landmarks like tubercles/trochanters/ etc. were asked.
• Follow following points for any bone:
  • Carefully listen to lecture 
  • Watch video lecture of bone ( Johari MBBS, Angelina Issac ,others) those which elaborate bone on 3D model or original bone model 
  • Take the bone model and then study diff. aspects like features/attachments/landmarks on that model.
  • Do bones from BD and only bone diagram from Snell for OSPE purpose.
  • Try to make a voice note/recorded note of Bones and nerves and listen to it often to revise and your topic will be revised in max 5-7 min( it’s a beneficial way. You can go for this method if it suits you)

(This method would be helpful in both theory and OSPE In sha Allah)

• Things asked from bones in written exam are mainly ATTACHMENTS & CLINICALS.
  • Side determination
  • Features
  • Attachments Just do superficially for imp muscles. Also do important ligaments like suprascapular/glenoidal labra etc.
  • All clinicals 
  • skip ossification 
  • Just do the names and arrangement of carpel bones (skip everything else related to it also skip metacarpals and phalanges) 

Chapter 3:

• Superficial fascia (give a good read to its contents i.e. cutaneous vessels and nerves for mcqs)
• Platysma ( muscle of facial expression) v.imp (complete)
• Breast v.v.imp(do complete topic except development and histology)
  • lymph drainage of breast v.v.imp ( you can watch Johari mbbs lecture for this)
  • Also do clinicals( amastia polymastia polythelia etc)
• Clavipectoral fascia and structures passing through it (complete topic) v imp 

Chapter 4: IMP

• Axilla v.v.imp 
• introduction 
• base + walls (v.imp) 
• contents imp
• Axillary artery complete with relations of it’s all three parts 
• v.v.v.imp (make mnemonics for relations) 
• Branches of Axillary artery v.imp complete 
• Axillary vein (course + tributaries + drainage)
• Axillary lymph nodes imp ( you can watch Essentials of medical science video for this topic)
• Diagram of Axillary Inlet vv.imp (PROFF 2023 SEQ) from Snell

• Axillary artery is ligated commonly between its 1st part and subscapular artery in case of its blockage or trauma (PROFF 2024 SEQ)
• Brachial plexus vvv.imp most imp topic of this chapter:
• Many Qs are asked from entire topic and especially it’s clinicals 
• do complete topic (skip sympathetic innervation) 
• its diagram v.v.imp (learn to draw it with all it’s cords and branches) 
• Its clinicals will be covered in 
• Clinicals pdf + Snell 
• Erb’s Duchenne + Klumpke’s paralysis v.v.imp
  • For Brachial plexus you can take NINJA NERD lecture (thoroughly covered)

Chapter 5: 

• Triangle of auscultation v imp (PROFF 2024 SEQ SUPP)
• Lumber triangle of petit

Chapter 6: 

• Three parts of deltoid muscle with their actions 
• Rotator cuff v.imp 
• Subacromial bursa v.imp 
• Intermuscular space v.imp ( you can take TCML lecture) imp.
• Anastomosis around scapula (vvv.imp) also know how to draw it as it’s diagram is (PROFF 2024 SEQ)

Chapter 7: 

• Cutaneous innervation diagram + dermatome diagram do it from netter atlas
  • also, you should know how to draw cutaneous innervation and dermatomes (Selfless medicose videos or MBS medi lectures videos)
• Table 7.1 imp complete (leave root values)
• Dermatome def only 
• Superficial vein imp (at least give a very good read to all three veins )
• Lymphatic drainage of Upper limb (watch any video and try to do it in a flowchart) – almost similar to lymph drainage of axilla 

Chapter 8:

• Compartments of arm (give a good read) 
• Anastomosis around elbow v.v.imp 
  • complete topic
  • also learn how to draw it as it is asked in exams
• Cubital fossa, everything is vv.imp (don’t do the details of content)
• Profunda brachii artery imp (complete course + branches)
• Brachial Artery (course+ branches) branches v.imp only name 

Chapter 9:  

• Synovial Sheaths of Flexor Tendons (not that much imp) give it a good read for concept 
• Vincula longa + brevis imp 
• Palmar aspect of wrist and hand imp
• Flexor retinaculum (vvv imp) complete topic 
• Palmar Aponeurosis (vv imp) complete 
• Fibrous Flexor Sheaths of the Fingers (clinically)
• Fascial spaces of hand v.imp (complete topic + table 9.7)
• Synovial sheaths (digital synovial sheaths +ulnar radial bursa) 
• Anatomical snuffbox v.v.imp (complete topic)
• Extensor retinaculum (complete attachments + compartments- table 9.8) v imp 
• Arches of hand (read for concept)
• Doral digital expansion (extensor expansion) read 
• Arteries:
• Radial artery( course and branches in forearm and hand )
• Ulnar artery( course and branches in forearm and hand 
• Superficial and deep palmar arches of hand 

Note: Try to extract the book content and make your own notes for arteries and arches 

Chapter 10: 

• First Cover all BONES and MUSCLES along with their actions. After bones and muscles, all joints will become quite easy
• You’ve to do Type, Variety, Articular Surfaces, Ligaments, Blood Supply, Innervation of joints
• Joints movements & muscles involved in each movement v.v.imp
• Sternoclavicular + Acromioclavicular joint for viva & MCQ only ( do remember the type and other main things)
• Shoulder joint v.v.v.imp 
  • Type
  • Articular surfaces 
  • Stability factors 
  • Ligaments v.imp 
  • Skip relations 
• Bursas blood and nerve supply 
• Movements (only 4 points) + muscles involved (table 10.1 from BD) 
• Skip overhead movement 
• Read scapulohumeral mechanism from SNELL (In our college block ospe we were asked to demonstrate this on humerus and scapula and angles were asked & also in proff, joint model was given and name type and other Qs were asked)
• Elbow joint (vvv imp seq) complete, except Relations -Carrying angle from SNELL.
• Radioulnar joint just read the table 10.2 for viva & MCQ, leave the rest
• Wrist joint complete seq imp except relation also do it’s ligaments from SNELL.
• 1st carpometacarpal joint (seq vvv imp) complete BD 
• Do only the type of rest of the joints for mcq/viva ( must do types of all joints)
• Preferable to do WRIST JOINT and ELBOW JOINT from Snell
•  if you have time then go through ligaments of joints and Types of joints from snell 
• From ligaments you have to do names only but if you have time then also try to remember it’s point of attachment on participating bones 

Anatomy seems difficult but once you start doing it the right way, it will become your favorite. 

All the best!  

T.H Clinicals of upper limb

ALL Clinicals of Upper Limb

All Clinicals Upper Limb (Snell)

Arteries of Upper and Lower Limb

Lymphatics of Upper Limb

Nerves Upper Limb by Rabiya.T

Snell All Muscle Tables

Upper Limb Arteries and Nerve Supply

Upper Limb Notes(Umair Slmc’27)

Prepared & Compiled by:

                                        Zuha Iftikhar (G14) 

Recommended Books:

• BD Chaurasia Human Anatomy 8^th Edition
• Snell’s Clinical Anatomy by Regions 10^th Edition

LOWER LIMB

Important:

• All Muscles along with their nerve innervation, action are done from Tables in Snell’s
• But the correct sequence for the first time is to do Bones first with proper muscle attachments, ligaments. landmarks and then move to Muscle Tables.
• Anatomy can be mastered if you visualize things more rather than simply cramming it again on loop by using mnemonics. Prefer Visual Image Memory along with mnemonics, you will master it, Insha’Allah.

Sequence that should be preferred:

Bones:

• How to do it?
  • Take the Lecture of Bone you are going to do. The lecture should be the one in which they are teaching you through 3D animation or through real bone.
  • Memorize along with the lecture, prefer to issue Bones from your museum and learn by holding bone along with Lecture & memorize along with it (It is Important as in Proffs models and real bones were asked)
  • After Lecture, repeat all the landmarks, muscle and ligament attachments by yourself on the bone, or teach some other fellow of yours (choose any option as per your convenience).
  • After that Read BD, you already have mastered the bone now, if some points are left, Mark those and every time you revise the bone again you will only read those different points only.
• Which Lectures to take for Bone?
  • Johari MBBS ( as it is according to BD ), & some other Indian tutors, teaching through real bone or 3D animation.
• Bone Sequence:
  • Hip Bone ( IMP ) Asked in Proff OSPE and in Block internal as well.
    • It is asked in the form of Questions at OSPE stations i.e. Locate the origin of Hamstring Muscles on the bone (Real Bone Infront) ? Name the Part. Or Hold the Bone in the correct way ( Proper side determination) and tell this Bone is of which side. etc.
    • SO, You must do the bone properly.
  • Femur ( IMP ) , Asked in Proff OSPE .
  • Tibia ( IMP ), asked in Proff OSPE and Block Internal as well.
  • Fibula ( It is less important than others , and is a tricky one as well) Do Landmarks properly at least and side determination.
  • Rest do the names of bones of foot  and side determination of bones i.e talus , navicular , calcaneus etc.
  • teaching through real bone or 3D animation.
• Clinicals of Bone:
  • Do the clinicals mentioned in BD alongside. And don’t skip clinicals from SNELLS. You must do all clinicals from SNELLS.
• For OSPE:
  • SNELL diagrams and real bones should be done ( Any of them might come at your stations)

Muscles:

• Do all Muscle Tables from SNELLS, Proper Nerve Supply, Origin and Insertion , Muscles of each compartment and their Action.
  • Muscle Tables are the base of your concepts, Memorize it again and again , Understand it Properly. Remember it by using College Models Because in Proff OSPE , Muscles are asked on Models i.e. By pinning a Muscles, Question is asked: Which is the Extensor Muscle? Name & Locate it on the Model. (Questions Like this)
  • Nerve Supply and actions along with origin & insertion are asked in MCQs.
  • Muscles of Sole of Foot ( Names very important Layer wise , Nerve Supply & Action) are Important

 Joints:

• How to do it?
  • For Joints , you have to first understand the anatomy, Bones Involved, Type of Joint they are making, Blood supply , Nerves passing through it (innervation) and very very important Ligaments, Holding it together.
  • For Anatomy , Take Lecture of it first, Ligaments are very Important in Joints
  • After that, Movement of Joints and the Muscles involved in those movements.
  • And then Clinicals of Joints.
• Joints Sequence:
  • Hip Joint (IMP):
    • Type, Articular surfaces, ligaments Important ( their Number and Names and their description as well)
    •  Relations are not Important Just Read it once.
    • Blood Supply, Nerve Supply & Movements are important.
    • Do Hip Joint from BD, As Ligaments are well written there.
    • Table 12.1 from BD.
    • Clinicals from BD & SNELLS both. ( IMP )
  • Knee Joint (MOST IMP):
    • Do it from SNELLS, it is written Better there.
    • Type, Capsule, ligaments ( Important ) Extracapsular & Intracapsular.
    • Menisci (their Clinicals Are more important)
    • Synovial membrane, Bursa ( their number, Location )
    • Nerve supply & Blood supply.
    • Movements ( Most Important ) Locking & Unlocking of Knee Joint ( Very  IMP Viva Qs and as well as Important for writtens )
    • Clinicals from SNELLS & BD
  • Ankle Joint:
    • Your choice to do it either from SNELLS Or BD:
      • Ligaments are most Important in it, Medial or deltoid ligament often asked in viva. And important for MCQs as well.
    • Type & Movements . Do it properly.
  • Rest Do all Remaining Joints from SNELLS, you are done with it then, Only Types & Movements, Ligaments(Names) are important in rest.
• Clinicals of Joints:
  • Do Clinicals from SNELLS & BD both.

BD Chapters:

Now, Start Doing it Chapter wise from BD. Do Nerves Chapter wise from BD or Compartment wise from SNELLS, Choose it as per your choice, so that Better understanding can be developed.

Chapter # 3: Front of Thigh

• Skin and Superficial Fascia:
  • If you understand it properly side by side, Next topics will be very easy for you to comprehend. These Topics are not that much important but it is important to understand them for the base of your concepts.
  • Skin , Superficial Fascia ( Holden’s Line )
  • Cutaneous Nerves ( Make sure to understand these Nerves properly , Draw the diagram and understand their innervation , Course )
  • Patellar plexus
  • Cutaneous Arteries ( Names are Important )
  • Saphenous Vein (If you do it Here , Base will be made and you will be able to comprehend easily in upcoming topics )
  • Lymph Nodes (Names)
  • Bursas (Names Important  till End with clinicals)
• Deep Fascia Complete (IMP Topic for written)
• Femoral Triangle ( Boundaries, Content ,Femoral Sheath, Femoral Canal ) Complete (IMP Topic for written)
• Femoral Artery (femoral vein along) , Profunda Femoris Artery, Deep External Pudendal Artery, Muscular Branches ( origin, course , Branches ) IMP
  • Understand the course and origin and visualise it , through animations or 3D apps or Use Netter Atlas for it.
• Femoral Nerve ( origin, course , branches ) Make a flow chart of its course on sticky note and attach it , it will be easy to comprehend.
• Adductor Canal (  Extent, Shape, Boundaries, Content names ) (IMP Topic for written)

Chapter # 4 : Medial Side of Thigh

•  As you have already done muscles from Muscle Tables, so just do Nerves and Arteries( origin, course , branches )  from this Chapter along with Clinicals.

Chapter # 5 : Gluteal Region

•  As you have already done muscles from Muscle Tables. Do All Clinicals side by side.
• Structures under cover of gluteus Maximus ( Ligaments , Bursa ) Past Paper Qs
• Trochanteric and cruciate anastomosis (IMP for written)
• Sacrotuberous & Sacrospinous Ligament (IMP)
• Nerves and Arteries of Gluteal Region ( Sticky Note Technique) Or You can do it from SNELLS (compartmentwise)
• Structures passing through Greater & Lesser Sciatic foramen (IMP for written & Viva )

Chapter # 6: Popliteal Fossa

• Popliteal Fossa Complete ( Very IMP for written & Viva )
• Nerves and Arteries As mentioned above as well ( Sticky Note Technique) Or You can do it from SNELLS (compartmentwise)
• Anastomosis of Knee Joint ( Very IMP for written , Past Block Qs) You have to draw the anastomosis properly . In BD diagram is  not clear. Do it from Youtube Lectures.

Chapter # 7: Back of Thigh

• Nerves As mentioned above as well ( Sticky Note Technique) Or You can do it from SNELLS (compartmentwise)  and Arteries ( Anastomosis of Back of Thigh is Important )
•  As you have already done muscles from Muscle Tables. Do All Clinicals side by side.

Chapter # 8,9,10:

• Retinaculas: (Very IMP for written & Viva )
  • Retinacula written in Deep Fascia Topic.
  • Extensor Retinaculum Complete ( Very IMP ) There are mnemonics to memorise it. do use those mnemonics. As these are often asked in viva stations and important for written as well. ( Tall Husbands Are Never Dear Person )
  • Flexor retinaculum Complete as Extensor. Learn it through the mnemonic as well. And do learn it by visualising it will be in long term memory then. (Tina Deserves A Nice Husband )
• All Nerves and all Arteries As mentioned above as well ( Sticky Note Technique) Or You can do it from SNELLS (compartmentwise)
• Tendons of Thigh ( Important Viva Qs )
•  As you have already done muscles from Muscle Tables. Do All Clinicals side by side.

Chapter # 11:

• Venous drainage (vv imp)
• Lymphatic drainage try to do in flow chart

Arches of Foot:  UHS Proff 2023 Qs

• Do it from SNELLS, It is very well written in it., It is an Important Topic. Do it completely from Snells. And clinicals Side by Side.

Arteries and nerves:  

• You can revise Nerves and Arteries after doing Chapterwise & Compartmentwise from Appendix at the End of BD.

That’s all from my side. Anatomy is a distinguishing subject, if you master this, you are ahead of many just because of it. Best Wishes!

Prepared by:

                           Shahr Bano Sayal (G12)

                           Zuha Iftikhar (G14)

Compiled by:

                     Hafiz Muhammad Umair Noor (G12)

PATHOLOGY

UHS 1^st Block

  (Module No 01)

[LO-F-Pa-001,002,003]:

• As in Block-1, 1 SEQ will come from Pathology, Among these Topics , SEQ can come from Cell Injury.
• You can Do it from Anwar Pathology
• Or You can just Simply Do the Pdfs Given Below:

1. Chapter 1 ( Just do it thoroughly and Probably and Solve MCQs given at the End )
2. Medicnetic ( After Doing it from Chapter 1 , go through it once and Do the Topics Or detail not mentioned in Chapter-1 )

Your Pathology will be prepared upto the Mark after this.

Chapter 1 Pathology Block-1 Module -1

Medicnetic Pathology Block-1 Module-1

UHS 1^st Block

  (Module No 02)

[LO-HL-Pa-001]:

• Just do these LOs from Pdfs Shared Below ,
• Plus It is recommended to Make Lecture Notes of Pathology So you must Know about Topics In Class and can Learn it in a better way!

Chapter 1 Pathology Block-1 Module-2

Medicnetic Block-1 Pathology Module-2

PHARMACOLOGY

UHS 1^st Block

  (Module No 01 & 02)

• Do it from these pdfs Only , In Block-1 There will be Only MCQs from it.

Chapter-1 Pharmacology Block-1 Module-1 & 2

Medicnetic Pharmacology Block-1 Module-1

Medicnetic Pharmacology Block-1 Module-2

CMED, BS & AGING

• Do focus on the Lectures Being delivered in Class for these and Note Down the Lecture as well, MCQs are Easy yet tricky. If you have taken Lecture properly and have made Notes as well , it makes things quite easy.
• Rest You can cover these from these Pdfs as well.

Chapter 1 CMed, BS & Aging Block-1 Module-1

Chapter 1 CMed, BS & Aging Block-1 Module-2

Medicnetic Cmed,BS & Aging Block-1 Mod-1

Prepared by:

                     Ibtihal Iftikhar (G14)

                     Muhammad Abdul Rehman Wazir (G14)

Compiled by:

                     Hafiz Muhammad Umair Noor (G12)

Reference Books:

• Lippincott Illustrated Reviews: Biochemistry 8^th Edition
• Harper’s Illustrated Biochemistry 30^th Edition
• Satyanarayana Biochemistry 6th Edition
• Essential of Medical Biochemistry by Mushtaq Ahmed 9th edition

Cell: (F-B-001, F-B-002, F-B-004)

• Same as cell physiology, if you have prepared that well just revise it
• In addition read chapter 1 from Satya and especially the difference table in that chapter between prokaryotes and eukaryotes
• Do the following diseases: I cell disease, Parkinsonism, Progeria, Refsum disease from Satya and the table given here.

Signal Transduction: (F-B-003)  

• Do fig 8.7 8.8 & 17.8 (practice drawing them as they’re very imp)
• cAMP system pg 103, 104, 105, fig 8.5, 8.7, 8.8
• Phospholipase C system pg 228, fig 17.8
• The side box of vibrio cholera and whooping cough
• Def of signal transduction and importance/uses of G-protein coupled receptor, pictures are given below:

Tidbits:

• Signal Transduction: process by which physical or chemical signals are transmitted through cell as a series of molecular events, particularly phosphorylation by protein kinases.

• Intracellular signals
• Extracellular signals

• Juxtacrine Signaling: signaling that requires close contact, a ligand on one surface attaches to receptor on the other.
• By secreting molecules:
•       Endocrine (in blood)
•       Paracrine (to nearby cells)
•       Synaptic (through synapses)
•       Autocrine (to cells own self)

DNA & RNA: (F-B-006, F-B-007)

Most imp topics from Satya chapter 5 are given below:

• Chargaff’s Rule and DNA double helix, and learn to draw the schematic diagram of DNA
• Different forms of DNA (A, B & Z)
• Names of other types of DNA structures (Bent, triple stranded etc.)
• Organization of DNA along with diagram
• Definition of melting temp and renaturation
• Focus on everything under topic of RNA
• Pay special attention to learning to draw structure of transfer RNA

Nucleotides: (F-B-005, F-B-008)

• Start with first 3 topics only of Chapter Nucleic Acids in Mushtaq (Ch 14)
• Do biomedical importance of natural and synthetic analogues from Satya chapter 5 (Purine, Pyrimidine and Nucleotide Analogs topic) as well as look at minor bases found in nucleic acids

Chromosome: (F-B-009)

• Do higher organization of DNA from Lippincott chapter 30 page 473, 474 (eukaryotic DNA organization)
• Also refer to the diagram below
• Difference:
• DNA: DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is the molecule that carries the genetic instructions for an organism.
• Chromatin: DNA is packaged with proteins (like histones) to form a complex called chromatin.
• Chromosome: A chromosome is a structure made up of DNA and proteins, where DNA is tightly coiled and packaged.
• Chromatid: Before cell division, a chromosome replicates, resulting in two identical copies called sister chromatids. These sister chromatids are joined at a region called the centromere.
• Cell Division: During cell division (mitosis or meiosis), the sister chromatids separate, and each becomes an individual chromosome in the daughter cells.
• Analogy: Think of a chromosome as a “house” and the chromatids as the two identical “floors” of that house.

Enzymes: (F-B-010)

Best channel for concept of enzymes is Medicosis Perfectionalis on Youtube

• Do enzymes with reference to active site, specificity etc. from Lippincott chapter 5
• Do nomenclature from Lippincott chapter 5
• Do classification of enzymes from Lippincott fig 5.1 (keep in mind a new 7th class of enzymes Translocases)
• Do Mechanism of action, Factors, Michaelis Menten Kinetics, Lineweaver Burk plot and Competitive and Non-competitive inhibition from Lippincott chapter 5
• Fig 5.12 and 5.14 are vvvvvv imp
• Do Uncompetitive Inhibition of enzymes from Mushtaq chapter 6 and Medicosis Perfectionalis
• Leave the topic of Enzyme Regulation as it is not mentioned in the syllabus
• Do therapeutic use of enzymes from Satya table 6.8
• For enzymes used in clinical diagnostics Do Lippincott table 5.2, also do the heading of isozymes on page 70
• Do table 6.1 and 6.6 to 6.13 from Satya
• For zymogens read passage in Mushtaq under topic properties of enzymes in chapter 6

Amino acids: (F-B-011)

• Do classification of amino acids based on polarity from Lippincott fig 1.2 and 1.3
• Do structural n dietary classification from Satya chapter 4 page 46 to 51 (skip polarity based classification from Satya as it is wrong)
• Do metabolic classification of proteins from Lippincott fig 20.2.
• Do structure (page 46), physical and chemical properties (page 51, 52, 53) of amino acids from Satya chapter 4
• Do biomedical importance of amino acids from Satya chapter 4 page 55
• Do functions of individual amino acids from the pic shared in group (pic reference Lippincott chapter 20 page 305 summary)   

Note: If there’s any conflict between the classifications on Lippincott and Satya, prefer Lippincott

Protein: (F-B-012)

• Do classification of proteins from Satya chapter 4 page 67, 68.
• Do biomedical importance of proteins from Satya chapter 4 page 68, 69 (biologically imp peptides)
• For class A and B proteins pictures are shared in the group
• Do Structural levels of proteins from Lippincott chap 2
• You should be very clear about the difference in alpha helix and beta pleated sheets, the types of stabilizing interactions between proteins at each level, examples of each structural level. 
• Do the Role Of Chaperones from pg 21 Lippincott.
• Do biochemical basis of disorders of proteins misfolding from Lippincott chapter 2
• You should be very clear about the biochemical basis of diseases, e.g.

Biochemical basis of Alzheimer’s: It is a deposition of amyloid beta plaques in brain parenchyma. (The simpler, the better)

Plasma Proteins: (F-B-013)

• Do plasma proteins from Satya chapter 9
• Remember the class of plasma proteins e.g. transferrin is a beta globulin

Immunoglobulins: (F-B-014)

• Do structure and biomedical importance of immunoglobulins from Satya chapter 9
• Do functions of immunoglobulins from Satya chapter 9
• Production, structure and function of plasma cells, b cells is covered in Guyton chp 35. Do it from there.
• Do interleukins from Guyton chp 35 pg 467 “ Specific regulatory functions of lymphokines’’ and table 35.1. 
• Platelet Activating Factor (PAF) from Guyton pg 478 first paragraph.
• PDGF from Guyton pg 477 first paragraph point no. 6
• Do multiple myeloma from Satya chapter 9 page 189, 19
• Labs for interpretation of multiple myeloma:
• M spike in electrophoretic pattern of serum proteins (Also keep in mind the normal electrophoretic pattern)
• Bence Jones proteins in urine
• Raised plasma immunoglobulin levels

Pro Tip: You can make your own notes for plasma proteins and immunoglobulins by combining all the relevant information from biochem and physio while preparing for block. These notes will be your go to resource for quick rev during proff and it will save a lot of your time. However, it is not advisable to get yourself busy making notes during the proff days.

Prepared by:

                      Hassaan e Muhammad (G14)

Compiled by:

                     Hafiz Muhammad Umair Noor (G12)

Recommended Book:

• Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology 14th Edition (Chapter numbers are mentioned according to this edition)

Reference Books:

• NIMS Blood Physiology (Only for Topic of Blood)
• Jaypee Essentials of Medical Physiology 6^th Edition

CELL PHYSIOLOGY

Chapter 1:

• Extracellular fluid
• Definition of homeostasis
• Definition of disease and compensatory example
• Control systems of the body
• Gain of a control system
• Barometric system=+2
• Temp control system=-33
• Negative feedback with examples (vvv.imp)
• Positive feedback with examples (vv.imp)
• Feed forward/delayed negative feedback (v.imp)
• Definition of feed forward mechanism n example.
• Definition of adaptive control
• Read rest of the chapter superficially for the MCQ’s.

Chapter 2:

• Structure and functions of cell membrane (vv.imp)
• All organelles (comparison of any of them could be asked)
• Specially (lysosomes & peroxisomes)
• Functions of ATP (v.imp)
• Difference between autophagy and autolysis (imp)
• Locomotion of cells mainly ameboid (v.imp)

Chapter 4:

• Difference between simple diffusion & facilitated diffusion (v.imp)
• Difference between 1⁰ & 2⁰ active transport(imp)
• Types of 2⁰ active transport (vv.imp)
• Gating of the channels: ligand gating, voltage gating (vv.imp)
• Read rest of the chapter superficially for MCQ’s

BLOOD PHYSIOLOGY

• Composition and functions of blood (Jaypee chapter 7)
• Plasma proteins (Jaypee chapter 8)
• Do intro normal values and functions (Jaypee chapter 8)
• Pathophysiology of edema (flowchart is shared in the group)

Chapter 33:

• Shape and size of RBC
• Concentration of RBCs in blood
• Quantity of Hb in the cells (imp for viva)
• Areas of body for RBC production
• Figure 33.2
• Figure 33.3 (imp)
• Stages of differentiation of RBCs (v imp), pics are shared in the group
• Pg 441 to 445 (do complete along with fig 33.4 and 33.7 Imp for seq and ospe questions)
• Blood indices (from NIMS physiology, pics are shared in the group)
• Types of bone marrow (pics are shared in the group)
• Types of Hb (from NIMS physiology, pics are shared in the group)
• Read whole chapter for better concepts

Chapter 34:

• General characteristics of leukocytes
• Neutrophils and macrophages defend against infections
• Reticuloendothelial system
• Inflammation
• Eosinophils
• Basophils
• Leukopenia
• Leukemia (Inc in abnormal WBCs)
• Leukocytosis (Inc in normal WBCs)
• Read whole chapter for better concepts

Chapter 36:

• O-A-B blood types
• Rh blood types.
• Landsteiner Law (pic is shared in the group)

• Read whole chapter for better concepts

MOTOR AND INTEGRATIVE NEUROPHYSIOLOGY

Chapter 61:

• General organization of ANS
• Physiological anatomy of Sympathetic Nervous system
• Pre and postganglionic neurons
• Physiological anatomy of parasympathetic nervous system
• Basic characteristics
• Table 61.1
• Table 61.2

Prepared by:

                     Muhammad Abdul Rehman Wazir (G14)

Compiled by:

                     Hafiz Muhammad Umair Noor (G12)

Reference Books:

• Lippincott Illustrated Reviews: Biochemistry 8^th Edition
• Harper’s Illustrated Biochemistry 30^th Edition
• Satyanarayana Biochemistry 6^th Edition

Haem Synthesis & Porphyria: (HL-B-001)

• Chap 21 Lippincott
• Do fig 21.3 ,21.4 ,21.5, 21.8 (vvv important)
• Clinical application 21.1(very important)
• Read and memorize the theory.

Globular Proteins: (HL-B-001) 

• Chap 3 Lippincott
• Do complete chap as it is important
• Fig 3.6, 3.12, 3.13 (very important)
• Role of 2,3 BPG is very important.

Haemoglobinopathies: (HL-B-002)

• Chap 3 Lippincott
• Pg # 37- 41 (all diseases are very important)
• Among hemoglobinopathies: thalassemia, sickle cell anemia and methemoglobinemia are especially important. While doing disorders, never forget to do their mode of inheritance.

Iron and Vitamins: (HL-B-003)

Chapter 29 (Lippincott) (Page 450 and 451 for iron)

• Hemosiderosis and hemochromatosis are disorders of iron metabolism. You can skim through these from YouTube. (Since mod sys is all about clinical relevance, you cannot risk any clinically relevant stuff)

Chapter 28 (Lippincott) (Vitamin B6, B9, B12 and C)

• Do all the diseases which may result from vit deficiency. Also you should know what labs are required to diagnose any particular vit deficiency. e.g.
• Schilling test for B12
• Patient with B9 deficiency presents with high FIGLU in urine.

Haem Degradation: (HL-B-004)

• Chap 21 Lippincott
• Fig 21.9 and 21.10 is (very important) along with its theory
•  

Jaundice/ Hyperbilirubinemia: (HL-B-005)

• Do Hyperbilirubinemia / Jaundice & Types of Jaundice from Lippincott chap 21 pg # 316
• Difference between Types of Jaundice based on Lab Investigations
• Genetic basis of Jaundice, including:
• Crigler Najjar Type 1
• Crigler Najjar Type 2
• Dubin-Johnson Syndrome
• Gilbert Syndrome
• Rotor Syndrome

• This is Dr Najeeb’s lecture which covers all the aspects of this LO. You can make your own lecture notes and get done with this topic for good. Also, this lecture is very extensive (a drawback of Dr Najeeb’s lecs) and there will be terms you may not be familiar with. You don’t need to get stuck with such nuances, just stay focused on your LOs.
• Another option is osmosis videos which you can check for all the syndromes mentioned above.

Plasma Proteins: (HL-B-006)

• Same as F-B-013 of Foundation Module

Immunoglobulins: (HL-B-007)

• Same as F-B-014 of Foundation Module

Single Gene Defect: (HL-B-008)

• Do Pedigree of single gene defects from the pictures given below:

Prepared by:

                      Mahnoor (G14)

Compiled by:

                     Hafiz Muhammad Umair Noor (G12)

Recommended Book:

• Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology 14th Edition (Chapter numbers are mentioned according to this edition)

Reference Books:

• NIMS Blood Physiology (Only for Topic of Blood)
• Jaypee Essentials of Medical Physiology 6^th Edition

BLOOD PHYSIOLOGY

Chapter 33:

• Anemia (v.v.v imp)
• Etiological classification from Guyton
• Morphological classification from NIMS (Pic is given here)

• Effect of anemia: Make a flow chart of it. (Pic is given below)

• Polycythemia (Guyton)
• Secondary Polycythemia (Physiological) (For MCQs)
• Polycythemia Vera (Pathological) (Do their comparison)
• For effects of Anemia and Polycythemia make flowcharts (imp seq)

Chapter 35:

• Immunity (Definition)
• Types of immunity (pic is given below)

• Innate immunity (Definition along with four points)
• Acquired immunity (Definition)
• Difference b/w humoral and cell mediated immunity
• Concept of antigen and epitope
• Pg 460-462 (read for concept and mcqs)
• Antibody formation by plasma cells
• Formation of memory cells enhances antibody response to subsequent antigen exposure (imp)
• Figure 35.3
• Nature of antibodies
• Classes of antibodies
• Mechanism of action of antibodies (direct and complement system) v imp
• Fig 35.6 (imp for seq and mcqs)
• Antigen presenting cells, major histocompatibility complex proteins (imp)
• Different types of T cells (complete topic till pg 468 along with fig 35.8) imp for seq
• Table 35.1 (types of T helper cells viva question) 
• Tolerance of acquired immunity system to body own tissue (Def imp for viva)
• Active and passive immunity (diff v imp)
• Allergy and hypersensitivity (complete) imp

Chapter 36:

• RH incompatibility (erythroblastosis fetalis) v.imp for viva and seq
• Transfusion reactions from mismatched blood types 
• Transplantation of tissues and organs (complete topic till page 476)
• Transfusion reactions due to ⁠ABO incompatibility (jaypee chap 21 page 141-142 read from there)
• Changes in stored blood (pic is shared in the group)

Chapter  37: (most imp chapter)

• Hemostasis (Def)
• Events in hemostasis (imp seq)
• Characteristics of platelets
• Vascular Constriction (Complete)
• Formation of platelet plug(complete)
• TABLE 37.1(Complete)
• Mechanism of blood coagulation (Complete)
• Fig 37.3 (imp)
• Extrinsic and Intrinsic pathway (v.v.imp), difference btw them (along with figures)Anticoagulants for clinical use
• Intravascular anticoagulants
• Role of Calcium 
• Blood coagulation test
• Conditions that cause excessive bleeding (Hemophilia, Thrombocytopenia, Vitamin K) (vimp)
• (Must do this chapter from Guyton)

Points To Remember: (viva /mcqs)

• Stimulus for Intrinsic pathway:
• Internal damage
• Glass contact
• Blood trauma
• Test tube coagulation 
• Stimulus for Extrinsic pathway:
• Surgery
• Inflammation
• Shave cut
• Knife cut
• Vitamin K dependent CF -> 2,7,9,10
• Bleeding Time increase in >>> Thrombocytopenia
• Clotting time increase in. >>> Hemophilia
• Purpura (Tendency of spontaneous hemorrhage beneath skin, internal organs.

Types of Purpura:

Thrombocytopenic purpura

• Multiple subcutaneous hemorrhage
• Poor constriction of blood vessel
• Dec platelet count
• Clot retraction deficiency

Non-Thrombocytopenia 

• Functionally defective platelet (Thrombasthenia)
• Platelet count normal
• Due to allergy
• Infection

Prepared by:

                     Zuha Iftikhar (G14)

Compiled by:

                     Hafiz Muhammad Umair Noor (G12)

UHS 1^st Block

  (Module No 01)

Reference Book:

• Langman Medical Embryology 14^th Edition (Latest)

Some Integrations:

• KLM

Learning Objectives:

• These are Mentioned as per the Latest UHS Curriculum of Session 2025-2026

Chapter 1: (LO-F-A-038)

• Do the Definitions Mentioned in the Learning Objectives ( Just Read them Once , Not Important , You can skip as well )

Chapter 2: (LO-F-A-010,011,012,013,014)

• Primordial Germ Cells
• Clinical correlate Teratomas *
• Chromosome theory of Inheritance (Read once)
• Mitosis/Meiosis (You already know about it, Just Do it as Mentioned in Learning Objectives, Difference form)
• Numerical Abnormalities (Important)
  • Important terms: i) Euploid ii) Aneuploid iii) Trisomy iv) Monosomy v) Nondisjunction vi) Translocations (Do it for MCQ POV)
  • Trisomy 21 Down Syndrome (You have to do all the clinical Presentations , Make sure to Memories them through visual Image) Do Definition /concept of Mosaicism given in it.
  • Trisomy 18, Trisomy 13, Turner Syndrome, Triple X syndrome ( Clinical presentations through visual Image)
  • Klinefelter Syndrome (Annual system Past Paper SEQ)
    • Do All abnormalities for Scenario-Based SEQ & MCQs
• Structural Abnormalities (Important)
  • Cri-du-chat Syndrome, Angelman Syndrome very Important, Prader-Willi Syndrome Very important, Miller Dieker Syndrome, Fragile X Syndrome
    • Do Remember which Chromosome is involved in a Particular Abnormality for MCQs
  • Important Terms: i) Deletion ii) Microdeletion iii) Fragile Sites iv) Genomic Imprinting (Viva Qs) Do these for MCQ POV just
• Gene Mutations:
  • Just Remember these terms: i) Single Gene Mutation ii) Mosaicism
• Diagnostic Techniques (not important Just Do the Names only)
• Oogenesis* Important Do complete till End
  • Prenatal= before Birth, Postnatal= At puberty/After Birth (You can do these Topics from KLM as well if you want, otherwise Langman is Good to Go)
• Spermatogenesis* Important Do complete till End
• Clinical Correlate Abnormal Gametes

After Doing the Complete Chapter, Go through Problems to Solve at the End once, Key given at the End of the Book.

Chapter 3: [LO-F-A-015,016,017,018,019,020,021(i)]

• Ovarian Cycle, Ovulation Complete
• Corpus Luteum (Formation, Function, Fate) Corpus Albicans, Oocyte Transport Complete
• Clinical correlate Mittelschmerz*
• Fertilization (Define, Phases, Results) Complete very Important :
  • i) Capacitation ii) Acrosome Reaction (MCQs, SEQs, Viva Qs)
• Clinical correlate Contraceptive Methods*, Infertility* Complete
• Cleavage, Blastocyst Formation, Epiblast, hypoblast & Axis formation Complete

Clinical correlate Embryonic Stem Cells, Adult Stem Cells, Abnormal Zygotes (Spontaneous Abortion) Complete

• Uterus at the Time of Implantation

After Doing the Complete Chapter, Go through Problems to Solve at the End once, Key given at the End of the Book.

Chapter 4: (LO-F-A-020,021,022)

• Why is it called rule of 2? Because of Embryonic Disc Layers , Trophoblast Layers , Two cavities, extraembryonic Mesoderm Layers.
• Do All Days, and after Reading All Days, Shortlist the Points at the Side of Each Day, This way:

• Important Terms: i) Layers of Trophoblast ii) Amniotic Cavity iii) Lacunar Stage iv) Exocoelomic cavity v) Uteroplacental Circulation vi) Decidua Reaction vii) Primary Villi
• Clinical correlate (Important SEQ):
  • Abnormal Implantation Complete
  • Ectopic Pregnancy/Extra uterine Important  SEQ
  • Pouch of Douglas, Primary ovarian pregnancy
  • Hydatidiform Mole / Molar pregnancy Important SEQ
  • Genomic Imprinting Viva Qs

After Doing the Complete Chapter, Go through Problems to Solve at the End once, Key given at the End of the Book.

Chapter 5: (LO-F-A-023,024)

• Gastrulation Complete
  • Primitive Streak (Formation & Fate) Fate is given in the Fate Map Topic Write It Here, By shortlisting.
• Formation of Notochord Important Past Paper SEQ , This topic is Better Explained In KLM Chapter 4.
  •  Do it from KLM & then Read it from Langman as well and then Summaries it here, This Way on Langman:

• Establishment of Body Axes (You can Skip it, just do it for MCQs)
• Fate Map Establishment During Gastrulation *
• Growth of Embryonic Disc
• Clinical Correlate Complete Very Important
  • Holoprosencephaly*
  • Caudal Dysgenesis (Serinomelia) UHS Past paper Modular System 2023 Qs, This Question Came as exact Statement given in Problems to Solve Qs 3 of this Chapter.
  • Situs solitus, situs inversus, laterality defects, situs ambiguous (heterotaxy)
  • Kartagener Syndrome (Important)
• Development of Trophoblast (Do villi from here)

After Doing the Complete Chapter, Go through Problems to Solve at the End once, Key given at the End of the Book.

Chapter 6: (LO-F-A-025,026,027,028,029,030)

• Derivatives of Ectoderm (Important)
  • Do it once from Langman and then Derivatives From a Diagram Given in KLM Chapter 5, All germ layer Derivatives summarized form:

• Neurulation (Very Important SEQ, Past Paper) Do it from KLM & Langman Both & then summarise it in the form of Points on Langman. From KLM Chapter 4.
• Neural Crest Cells ( Derivatives) Do take concept of it , its role , Table 6.1 (Important)
• Molecular Regulations are Not Important , If you want Learn just names of Some Involved ( Not seen in Any Past Paper MCQ, SEQ , VIVA)
• Clinical correlate (Important):
  • NTDs i) Anencephaly ii) Spina bifida & its Types ( Types are Given in chapter 10 second Last Clinical correlate ) Often Asked.
  • Folic Acid*
• Derivatives of Mesoderm ( Paraxial , Intermediate, Lateral ) Better to do it from KLM diagram shared above.
• Derivatives of Endoderm Better to do from KLM diagram
• Somite Differentiation (Important)
• Blood and Blood Vessels Complete
• Clinical correlate (Important):
  • Capillary Hemangiomas*
• Folding of Embryo Better to Do it from KLM Chapter 5 for better understanding   or You can do it from Langman given Under heading of Endodermal Derivatives.
• Homeobox Gene ( Skip , Read if you want)
• External Appearance During 2nd Month:
  • Terms to remember : i) Crown-rump length ii) Make points of Changes in appearance ( MCQ POV)
• Clinical correlate: Birth Defect MCQ POV Just read once

After Doing the Complete Chapter , Go through Problems to Solve at the End once, Key given at the End of the Book.

KLM Topics: (Low yield Topics , MCQs)

(LO-F-A-031,032,033)

• Chapter 5 Table 5.1 or You can Read Theory of Highlights of Fourth to Eight Weeks (MCQs)
•  Chapter 5, Estimation of Embryonic Age, Estimation of Gestational & Embryonic Age.
• Chapter 6, Viability of fetuses, Highlights of Fetal period, Factors influencing Fetal Growth (Just Names)
• Chapter 6, Procedures: (Important MCQs)
  • Diagnostic Value of Amniocentesis, Alpha fetoprotein Assay, Chorionic Villi Sampling

Chapter 8: (LO-F-A-032,033,034,035,036,037)

• Development of fetus, monthly changes Time of birth (Just Read for MCQs)
• Clinical correlate:
  • Low birth weight
  • IUGR & SGA
• Fetal Membranes & Placenta with diagram (UHS past Paper Qs)
• Changes in trophoblast , chorion frondosum & decidua Basalis , Structure of Placenta , Full-term Placenta , Circulation of Placenta (Important)
• Functions of Placenta ( Just read Once for MCQs)
• Amnion & Umbilical Cord ( Just Read Important Viva Qs )
• Placental Changes at the End of Pregnancy ( UHS Past Paper Modular System 2023 )
• Amniotic fluid ( Read for MCQs)
• Fetal Membranes in twins Complete Important
• Parturition 
• Clinical correlate:
  • Preeclampsia (Important)
  • Fetal Hydrops & Erythroblastosis fetalis
  • Placental Barrier (Read once)
  • Umbilical Cord abnormalities, Amniotic bands , Polyhydramnios* , Oligo*
  • Premature Rupture of Membrane
  • Vanishing Twins ( Past Paper UHS 2023 )
  • Twin-twin transfusion
  • Conjoined twins
  • Preterm Birth*

After Doing the Complete Chapter , Go through Problems to Solve at the End once, Key given at the End of the Book.

Chapter 9: (Not Important for SEQs)

(LO-F-A-037,039)

• Principles of teratology
• Table 9.1 Rubell, Toxoplasmosis, X-rays, Hyperthermia, Thalidomide, Warfarin, ACE inhibitors, Alcohol (Important Viva Qs)
• Zika Virus, Antidepressant drugs
• Prenatal Diagnosis: (Read All Once and Mark MCQs & Viva Qs)
  • Maternal Serum Screening
  • Ultrasonography
  • Chorionic villi sampling
  • Stem cell Transplantation & Gene therapy (Just read not Important)

UHS 1^st Block

(Module No 02)

Chapter 11: (KLM)

• Development of spleen (Important for Viva & MCQs)
  • Accessory Spleen (Important)
  • Origin of Spleen

Prepared by:

                     Hanzala Masood (G14)

Compiled by:

                     Hafiz Muhammad Umair Noor (G12)

UHS 1^st Block

  (Module No 01)

Recommended Book:

• General Anatomy by Laiq Hussain 6^th Edition (Chapter numbers are mentioned according to this edition)

Chapter 1:

• Anatomical variation and examples

Chapter 2:

• Planes most imp.
• ‎Anatomical position
• ‎Anatomical movements of hand arm head etc for Viva
• ‎Laterality terms

Chapter 3:

• Functions of bone
• ‎Classification from all aspects imp
• ‎Shafts epiphyses and diaphysis of long bone
• ‎Types of epiphyses v.imp ( Proff SEQ)
• ‎Rule of ossification imp ( Proff SEQ)
• ‎Arterial supply of long bones v.v.imp do it from notes
• ‎Recommended lecture selfless medicose
• ‎Healing of fracture
• ‎Cartilage difference v imp from notes

Chapter 4:

• Almost whole chp imp
• ‎Classification on all basis(do flowcharts)v v v imp
• ‎Diarthroses with features from notes then give read to book v v imp
• ‎Movements imp
• ‎Classification of synovial joints from all aspects imp
• ‎Factors of joint stability mcqs
• ‎Nerve supply read
• ‎Hilton’s Law favourite question
• Joints injuries and diseases mcqs

Chapter 5:

• Functions of muscle
• ‎Classification on all basis v vv imp
• ‎Red white intermediate fibres
• ‎Nerve supply and motor unit imp
• ‎Contraction of muscles and their diff imp
• ‎Paralysis also has imp mcqs
• ‎Fascia aponeurosis raphe synovial bursa and sheath new terms for u so do it also

Chapter 6:

• General structure of blood vessels
• ‎Classification of all vessels on all basis capillaries most imp
• ‎Metarteriole and thoroughfare channel
• ‎Anastomosis most imp also has mcqs
• AV shunts and glomus bodies
• ‎Portal system imp viva & written qs
• ‎Lymph from notes

Chapter 7:

• Functions of skin
• ‎Epidermis and dermis
• ‎Appendages of skin full of mcqs
• ‎lines of cleavage read+concept
• ‎Skin Burns (from pic given below)

• Skin infections and Skin Grafting ( Not given in Laiq Hussain. From Tassaduq Husaain General Anatomy pg 11)

Chapter 8:

• Give a read to introduction
• ‎classification morpho and functionally
• ‎Supporting cells imp
• ‎Gray white matter lemniscus mcqs
• ‎Cranial nerves name v.imp
• ‎Spinal nerves no. and distribution
• ‎Plexus names and dermatome
• ‎Classification of receptors v.imp (proff mcq)
• ‎4 parasympathetic ganglia (name only)
• ‎Enteric nervous system

Chapter 9:  

• Read Only ( not so imp)
• ‎CT, X-Ray, MRI (Read)

‎Note:  

• I’ve mentioned all imp topics and that is enough for G.A
• For remaining topics in any chapter give a read for MCQs.
• Carefully do all diagrams of imp topics from Laiq Hussain GA along with theory. By that your Ospe will be prepared side by side with your written exam.

UHS 1^st Block

  (Module No 02)

Spleen:  

• ‎From PDF shared or from Snell’s Anatomy 10th edition

UHS 1^st Block

  (Module No 01)

Prepared by:

                     Zuha Iftikhar (G14)

Compiled by:

                     Hafiz Muhammad Umair Noor (G12)

Overview:

• Block-1 Histology should be Done in detail Once, Study it Once thoroughly and Make Notes or Shortlist it accordingly for Your Ease, whatever Method suits You.
• If you do it in the right way, you can get all the SEQs easily that came in Last 2 Proffs
• Block-1 Histology has a bit lengthy syllabus, Rest 2 Block Histo is very Easy
• In Recent Proff Papers (Annual & Supplementary), Histology Questions (SEQs) from Block-1 came, so it should be ignored.

Things To Do In Histology:

• Diagrams are very important ( practical Ones these are Asked in SEQs mostly), 1st year diagrams are quite easy. Every diagram is important (frequently asked in exams)
• Histology’s trick is the same as that of Gross anatomy (Visual memory), Visualize the Pictures and its features! That’s all they ask.

Reference Books:

• Medical Histology by Laiq Hussain Revised 8th Edition (Chapter numbers are mentioned according to this edition)
• DiFiore’s Atlas of Histology

Notes:

• Shortlisted notes of histology are also shared in the group (By Zayn ul Hassan from G12) & if you want to Make Your Own Notes or shortlist it accordingly, it is well & Good.

Chapter 1: (Can skip / just Read)

• MCQs might come from this chapter
• Single MCQ from Fixation came in UHS Proff 2023 (formalin)

Chapter 2:

• Cell is the same as you have studied in other subjects, but in histology there are some details given below:
• Important to do from Histo:
  • Cytoplasmic inclusions (Pigments)
  • Cytoskeleton
  • Intermediate filaments Types * Important Viva Qs /SEQ
  • Cell Junctions Complete till Junctional Complex * Very Important UHS Past Paper SEQ 2024

Clinicals Important given at the Last Page:

• i) Atresia ii) Hypertrophy iii) Atrophy iv) Hyperplasia v) Metaplasia vi) Differentiation vii) Anaplasia viii) Clinical Application

Chapter 3:

• You should know Epithelium Definition and Examples* (Make Notes , Mnemonics for Examples)
  • Examples are Important for MCQs
  • Diagrams are Important as well for OSPE & SEQ (might come to draw)
  • Urothelium, transitional Epithelium Complete
• Apical Domain Complete Important UHS Supply Paper 2024
• Lateral Domain & Basal Domain (Just Read once for Concept)
• Clinical: Kartagener Syndrome/ Immotile cilia Syndrome Important
• Basement Membrane*
• Functions (Just Read Once, you already Know about Functions)

Chapter 4:

• MCQ POV
• You can do this chapter from Medicnetic Pdf shared, just do Definitions, Examples for MCQ & Diagrams for SEQ.

Chapter 5:

• You can Cover this chapter from Medicnetic Pdf shared as well, Or You can read it and make your Own notes / Shortlist accordingly.

• Fibroblasts
• Adipocytes, Macrophages, mast cells, Plasma cells, leukocytes, Do identification points just from your histology practical
• Collagens*
• Do Collagen Fibers, Reticular fibers, Elastic fibers from your Histology Practical Notebook

Chapter 6:

• Short list chapter in flow chart, MCQs POV, Diagrams are Important for SEQ
• Diff b/w brown and white adipose
• Types of Dense Connective Tissue for MCQs
• Dense Connective Tissue / Loose connective Tissue Diagram Important for SEQ / OSPE UHS Past Paper 2024

UHS 1^st Block

  (Module No 02)

Chapter 14: 

• Topics of Lymph included in your Learning Objectives (MCQ POV, but included in practicals and also asked in vivas, so do it from notes or Medicnetic pdf shared)
• Blood thymic barrier (Favourite question)

Medicnetic Histology Block-1 Module -1

Medicnetic Histology Block 1 Module-2