3rd YEAR MBBS Study Guide

Prepared by:

                           Kisa e Zahra (G12)

Compiled by:

                     Hafiz Muhammad Umair Noor (G12)

Reference Books:

• Anwar Microbiology 2^nd Edition (Chapter numbers are mentioned according to this edition)

(F2-Pa-003)

Chapter 2:

• Gram negative and gram positive difference very imp for seq
• Choice of antibiotic will be shared in following

Key Points for Selecting Antibiotics for Gram-Positive or Gram-Negative Bacteria

When selecting antibiotics, consider the following points:

Gram-Positive Bacteria:

1. Cell Wall Structure: Gram-positive bacteria have a thick peptidoglycan layer, making them susceptible to antibiotics that target cell wall synthesis.

2. Antibiotic Options: Penicillin, ampicillin, methicillin, vancomycin, and linezolid are effective against many Gram-positive bacteria.

3. Resistance Patterns: Consider the prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and other resistant strains when selecting antibiotics.

Gram-Negative Bacteria:

1. Outer Membrane: Gram-negative bacteria have an outer membrane containing lipopolysaccharides, which can contribute to antibiotic resistance.

2. Antibiotic Options: Aminoglycosides (e.g., gentamicin), cephalosporins (e.g., ceftriaxone), fluoroquinolones (e.g., ciprofloxacin), and carbapenems (e.g., meropenem) are effective against many Gram-negative bacteria.

3. Resistance Patterns: Consider the prevalence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing bacteria and other resistant strains when selecting antibiotics.

Broad-Spectrum Antibiotics:

1. Fluoroquinolones: Effective against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.

2. Carbapenems: Effective against many Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, including ESBL-producing bacteria.

Factors to Consider:

1. Spectrum of Activity: Choose antibiotics with a spectrum of activity that covers the suspected or confirmed pathogens.

2. Resistance Patterns: Consider local resistance patterns and the patient’s previous antibiotic exposure.

3. Patient Factors: Consider the patient’s age, renal function, liver function, and other underlying medical conditions when selecting antibiotics.

4. Side Effects and Toxicity: Choose antibiotics with a favorable side effect profile and minimal toxicity.

Importance of Culture and Sensitivity Testing:

Culture and sensitivity testing can help identify the specific pathogens and their antibiotic susceptibility patterns, guiding targeted therapy and optimizing treatment outcomes.

(F2-Pa-004)

Chapter 4:

• Conjugation ( very imp for seq) +it’s diagram
• Transduction and transformation (just do definitions)

Chapter 5:

• Classification of gram positive gram negative cocci and rods , spirochetes and atypical bacteria from chp 5 ( very imp for mcqs ) learn it well

Chapter 6:

• Colonization resistance imp
• Normal Flora(imp for mcqs)

Chapter 8:

• Culture media is best described in your practical notebooks and in Anwar chp 8 (imp for mcqs and ospe point of view)

Chapter 10:

• Antimicrobial resistance mechanism(vvvv.imp for seq)
• Do cram this resistance mechanism

Chapter 27:

• Classify DNA RNA viruses

Chapter 38:

• Classification of fungi
• Imp for mcqs and seqs

Chapter 43:

• Classify parasites

Prepared by:

                           Shahr Bano Sayal (G12)

Compiled by:

                     Hafiz Muhammad Umair Noor (G12)

                     Nauman Waheed (G13)

GENERAL PHARMACOLOGY

Reference Books:

• Ali Raza Chaudhary Notes
• MultiAuthor’s
• Dr Ajmal Lecture Notes

PHARMACOKINETICS

F2-PH 001 to  F2-PH 011:

• Do all topics from Ali Raza notes
• Additional Definitions from multiaurthor includes:
• Pharmacology
• Drug
• Branches Of Pharmacology

ALI RAZA PHARMA NOTES

Prepared by:

                           Kisa e Zahra (G12)

Compiled by:

                     Hafiz Muhammad Umair Noor (G12)

Reference Books:

• Robbins Pathology 11th Edition
• Anwar General pathology 2^nd Edition (Chapter numbers are mentioned according to this edition)

Chapter 6:

F2-Pa-001

• Have a brief review from these topics
• Mcqs asked from this
• Autosomal recessive disorders are imp one
• From autosomal dominant most imp one is marfan syndrome
• And make a list of examples of these disorders

F2-Pa-002

• Marfan syndrome v.imp for seq and mcq
• Ehlers Danlos syndrome
• Down syndrome (most imp one) for seq and mcq
• Klinefelter syndrome
• Turner syndrome

Prepared by:

                           Shahr Bano Sayal (G12)

Compiled by:

                     Hafiz Muhammad Umair Noor (G12)

                     Nauman Waheed (G13)

GENERAL PHARMACOLOGY

Recommended Books:

• Ali Raza Chaudhary Notes
• MultiAuthor’s Pharmacology
• Dr Ajmal Lecture Notes

PHARMACODYNAMICS

GPh-Ph-001:

• Do all topics from Ali Raza notes
• To do from Multiauthor:
  • Baised Agonist
  • Idiosyncrasy with example
  • Cumulation with example
  • Drug dependence
  • Active principles of drugs
  • Adverse drug reactions
  • Drug allergy
  • Pharmacogenetic (continuous variation and discontinuous variation with all seven examples)

AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

Recomended Books:

• Mini Katzung Pharmacology 16^th Edition (Chapter numbers are mentioned according to this edition)

NOTE:

• One of the most imp topic of pharmacology, you should have grip on this topic.
• Take vedio lectures from MBS medi litrature + Dr najeeb and any lecture of your choice
• Dr Ajmal lecture’s notes will help you a lot for concept building (so write down his lecture)
• Must do MCQ at end of chapter and skill keeper questions (answers are given at the end of chapter sometimes it can be asked in SEQ)

DISCLAIMER:

• Kisi b topic ko start krny Sy phly drugs classification krty hain, wo ap ny Ali raza notes sy krni ha, phly achy sy classification of drugs ratt lo phir chapter start kro
• Dr ajmal k lectures lazmi note krna aur un k points ko book par hi likh lena
• Chapter complete krny k badd last summary table lazmi krna, route, duration, medical effects and side effects***Saab Rattna
• Skill keeper questions and answers lazmi krna G11 ko 3 SEQ ay thy is mai sy
• When you done with ANS, use kaplan pharmacology for mcqs aur jo side points likhy hain Kaplan ma, wo b SEQ a jty

(GPh-PH-002 to 003)

CHAPTER 6:

• Give a read to high yield terms
• Fig 6.1
• Fig 6.2 (imp seq)
• Table 6.1
• Table 6.2
• Table 6.3
• Figure 6.5

CHAPTER 7:

• Complete chapter is very Imp + Dr ajmal’ lecture notes
• All tables are vvvvvv imp
• First do table 7.3 then go thru whole chapter
• Summary table is vvvvvvvv imp******

CHAPTER 8:

• Whole chapter is hell Imp****
• Table 8.1 & 8.2*****
• Summary table********

CHAPTER 9:

• Whole chapter****
• Table 9.1***
• summary table******

CHAPTER 10:

• Whole chapter (most important for SEQ n McQ)****************
• Last table 10.2 for glaucoma****
• Summary table*******

ALI RAZA PHARMA NOTES

Prepared by:                                                                                          

                           Shahr Bano Sayal (G12)                            

Compiled by:

                     Hafiz Muhammad Umair Noor (G12)

                     Nauman Waheed (G13)

BLOOD

Recomended Books:

• Mini Katzung

• Classification from Ali Raza Notes  

CHAPTER 34: (Mini Katzung)

HIT-H-003

• Classification from Ali Raza notes
•  Whole chapter is vvv imp***
• Heparin and warfarin difference***
• HMW and LMW heparin difference*(mentioned in Ali Raza notes)
• Just give a read to summary table

IMMUNOLOGY

HIT- Pa-002:

• Do classification from Ali Raza notes
• Use kaplan for this topic as it is minor topic

VIROLOGY

HIT- Pa-004:

• Classification from notes
• Use kaplan for this topic but do whole topic as mentioned in Kaplan
• From Katzung Chapter 49:
• Figure 49.1
• Figure 49.2
• Table 49.2

ALI RAZA PHARMA NOTES

Prepared by:

                           Chaman Zulfiqar (G12)

Compiled by:

                     Hafiz Muhammad Umair Noor (G12)

                     Nauman Waheed (G13)

Reference Books:

• NRA Forensic Medicine 2^nd Edition
• Shahbaz Forensic Medicine 6^th Edition

For-Th-002:

• NRA chap 12 pg no 132 (2nd para) till pg 141, including fig 12.6 and 12.8
• SHAHBAZ chap 4 pg no 87 (algor mortis including factors) + pg no 92 (factors affecting rigor mortis nd conditions simulating rigor mortis + pg 101 (time since death) complete
• NRA chap 12 table 12.4
• NRA chap 6 table 6.3

For-Th-005:

• SHAHBAZ chap 4 pg 81(sudden death) complete topic

For-Th-006:

• SHAHBAZ chap 4 pg 78 (cause, manner, mode of death)

For-Th-007:

• NRA chap 12 pg no 147 (def of artefact in last paragraph) + table 12.9

For-Th-008:

• Not mentioned in book properly. You can do it from google/Chatgpt

For-Th-009:

• SHAHBAZ chap 15 pg no 323 (SIDS) Complete topic

For-Au-001:

• SHAHBAZ chap 2 pg no 5 (def and types of autopsy till next pg)

For-Au-002:

• SHAHBAZ chap 12 pg 259 (Coroner Inquest) till next pg (med examiner inquest)
• Procurator Fiscal sys in Scotland (not given in book properly. You’ll have to google it)

For-Au-003:

• NRA chap 11 pg 117 and 118 complete

For-Au-004:

• NRA chap 11 pg 119(types of incisions). You should know in which condition, which incision is given. For better understanding, give a read till pg 126

For-Au-005:

• From google

For-Au-006:

• SHAHBAZ chap 2 pg 14 (collection of specimen)

For-Au-007:

• NRA chap 11 (autopsy suit) till pg 116

For-Au-008:

• NRA chap 11 table 11.2

For-Au-009:

• NRA chap 11 pg 126 (def of -ve autopsy + table 11.5)

For-Au-010:

• NRA chap 11 pg 127 till 129

For-PI-001:

• SHAHBAZ chap 3 pg 37 (def nd types of identity) + pg 39 (methods of identification) + pg 56 (criminal responsibility) + NRA chap 5 table 5.1

For-PI-002:

• NRA chap 5 pg 38 (Role of age) till pg 45 complete

For-PI-003:

• SHAHBAZ chap 3 pg 43 (last topic) till pg 47 complete + NRA table 5.8 nd 5.9

For-PI-004:

• NRA chap 5 pg 45 (dental data) till pg 49 complete

For-PI-005:

• SHAHBAZ chap 3 pg 41 (ident of race)

For-PI-006:

• SHAHBAZ chap 3 pg 71 (stature determ)

For-PI-007:

• NRA chap 5 pg 36 (anthropometry)

For-PI-008:

• SHAHBAZ chap 3 pg 61(fing print) + pg 62 (poroscopy)

For-PI-009:

• SHAHBAZ chap 16 pg 350 (DNA fing print)

For-PI-010:

• SHAHBAZ chap 3 pg 38 (ident of dead body)