2nd Year MBBS Study Guide

Prepared by:

                  Hadia Imtiaz (G13)

Compiled by:

                  Talha Saleem (G12)

Recommended Books:

• Snell’s Clinical Neuroanatomy 8th Edition (Chapter numbers are mentioned according to this edition)

NEUROANATOMY

Chapter 1, 2, 3 :

• Skip these chap (not imp)

Chapter 4:

NS-A-003

• Spinal cord and spinal cord structure
• Table 4.1(VVV imp)
• Gray matter and structure
• Anterior gray column nerve cell groups
• Lateral grey column nerve cell groups
• White matter and structure
• Nerve fiber tract arrangement
• Fig 4.11 on Pg 141(VVV imp) showing ascending and defending tracks at mid cervical level
• Tables (4.2 + 4.3 + 4.4) VVV imp.
• For tracts most of it will be covered through tables but you can make flowcharts and leave rest
• Fig 4.6 just for   understanding
• Only Do clinicals mentioned in your curriculum

Chapter 5:

NS-A-004 (In this chap the figs mentioned are VVV imp)

• Upper motor neuron lesion vs lower motor neuron lesion from google
• Table 5.2
• Fig 5.11+5.14 (VVV imp)
• Table 5.3
• Fig 5.19+5.20 (VVV imp) Prof questions
• Fig 5.24 + 5.25
• From clinicals
• Arnold-Chiari phenomenon,
• Lateral medullary syndrome,
• Medial medullary syndrome,
• Hemorrhage,
• Infarctions,
• Weber syndrome,
• Benedikt syndrome
• Blood supply of pons, medulla, mid brain from Google

NS-A-011

• Cranial cavity Pg 191 complete up to Pg 195
• Table 5.1

Chapter 6:

NS-A-005

• Location is posterior cranial fossa behind pons and 4th ventricle
• Structure (just names of layers)
• Intracerebellar nuclei name (in order) VVV imp
• Table 6.1
• Table 6.2
• From clinicals
• signs and symptoms of cerebellar disease complete
• Vermis syndrome
• Cerebellar hemisphere syndrome

Chapter 7:

NS-A-006 (a)

• General appearance, main sulci Cerebral hemisphere lobes, internal structure all this is for viva and OSPE.
• White matter detail seq
• Alzheimer disease (clinical Pg 269)

Chapter 8:

NS-A-006 (b)

• Cortical areas. Don’t need to study everything from there. Much of the portion will be covered in physio
• Pro tip:  a single Table in BD CHAURASIA (head and neck brain portion) has covered whole of this chapter; you can do that Table if you want
• Fig 8.5
• Do All clinicals that are mentioned in your syllabus

Chapter 10: (Basal Ganglion)

NS-A-006 (c)

• Complete chapter except clinicals

Chapter 9: (Not that much imp)

• Give just Read to this chap
• Do Hippocampus formation as an Seq

Chapter 11:

NS-A-008

• 2,5,7,9,10 nerves are most imp
• Do rest for MCQs but must know nuclei and functional components of every nerve

Chapter 12:

NS-A-010 (a)

• Do the diagram of nuclei of thalamus
• Table 12.1
• Function
• Thalamic hand + thalamic pain clinical

Chapter 13:

NS-A-010 (b)

• Hypothalamus
• Hypothalamic nuclei complete
• Hypothalamus hypophyseal tract
• Table 13.1
• Hypophyseal portal system
• Table 13.2 + 13.3 + 13.4
• All clinicals

Chapter 15:

NS-A-012

• Brain meninges complete up to Pg 425
• Dural venous sinuses most imp .
• Give Read for MCQs to pia and arachnoid matter

NS-A-015

• Differences b/w sympathetic and parasympathetic system. Skip this (Pg 395) not imp at all

Chapter 16:

NS-A-013

• Complete chapter except clinicals.

Chapter 17:

NS-A-014

• All arteries and circle of Willis with diagram (VVV imp stage seq)

NS-A-016

• From Google

Prepared by:

                  Haris Nawaz (G13)

Compiled by:

                  Talha Saleem (G12)

Reference Book

• Medical Histology by Laiq Hussain 7th Edition
• Mannual Of Histology (your practical notebook)

Chapter 11:

IMP. TOPICS

• Morphological and Functional classification of neurons
• Difference between Sensory and Autonomic ganglia (Practical Copy)
• Neuroglia types and functions
• Axonal transport
• Rest give read for MCQs

Chapter 12:

• Mainly you know which types of layers and cells are present in different cortexes.
• Cerebellum diagram high yield and very easy to draw

Chapter 15:

IMP. TOPICS

• Difference between Apocrine and Eccrine sweat glands
• Layers of epidermis, enlist with some details
• Cells of epidermis with some details ( 2 to 3 lines)
• Rest give read for MCQs

Prepared by:

                  Haris Nawaz (G13)

Compiled by:

                  Talha Saleem (G12)

Reference Book:

• Langman Medical Emryology 14^th Edition

Chapter 21:

• Development of epidermis (Our Proff SEQ)
• Development of mammary glands
• Rest give read for MCQs
• All clinicals are important for MCQs and Seqs

Chapter 18:

IMP. TOPICS

• Development of Neural Tube (At start of chapter)
• Spinal cord (vv imp); Layers, plates and positional changes must do
• Pituitary gland
• Adrenal gland
• Mesencephalon
• Diencephalon
• All clinicals
• Rest give read for MCQs
• Rhombencephalon and further subtopics in it are very confusing, so do them just for MCQs or memorize some of their details
• No need to do Autonomic nervous system and cranial nerves

Prepared by:

                  Nofal Anjum Khan (G13)

                  Aneesa Asif (G13)

Compiled by:

                  Talha Saleem (G12)

Reference Books:

• Lippincott Illustrated Reviews: Biochemistry 8^th Edition
• Satyanarayana Biochemistry 6^th Edition
• Harper’s Illustrated Biochemistry 30^th Edition
• Chatterjee Biochemistry

DIGESTION AND ABSORPTION OF LIPIDS

Chapter 15:

NS-B-001

• Digestion and absorption of lipids
• Cystic fibrosis (imp)
• Pancreatic enzymes fig 15.6 (imp)
• Fig 15.2, 15.4, 15.6 & 15.7 (imp)
• Role of Bile salts given in Section C “Emulsification in the small intestine”

CHOLESTEROL METABOLISM

Chapter 18:

NS-B-002a

• Do this from Pg # 243 to Pg # 249 till cholesterol degradation
• Whole topic is important
• Fig 18.4 imp (Rate Limiting Reaction) important for SEQ and Viva
• Fig 18.5 & 18.6 imp
• Fig 18.7 vv.imp

LIPID METABOLISM

Chapter 16:

(Lipid Degradation)

NS-B-003

• Do this from Pg # 209 to Pg # 216
• Beta oxidation (imp for Seq and MCQs) with fig16.15 & 16.17
• Do all of beta oxidation types with fig 16.20
• Peroxisomal beta oxidation imp
• Alpha oxidation (imp for MCQ)
• Energy yield from palmitate fig 16.18

NS-B-004

• Carnitine shuttle (vv imp) with fig 16.16
• It’s inhibitor and source (imp for MCQ + Seq) and carnitine deficiency

(Lipid Synthesis)

NS-B-002b

• Storage of fats Pg #208 & 209
• “Storage as TAG components”

NS-B-005

• Citrate shuttle fig 16.6 (imp)
• Topic on Pg # 203 “Cytosolic Acetyl Co-A Production”

NS- B-006a

• Do this from Pg # 203 to Pg # 209
• Synthesis of fatty acid fig 16.9
• Fig 16.7, 16.8   & 16.11 (imp)

NS-B-006b & NS-B-007a

• Do this from Pg # 216 to Pg # 218
• Fig 16.22, 16.23 & 16.24 (imp)
• Fig 16.23 for SEQ (imp)

Chapter 17:

(Phospholipid Metabolism)

NS-B-007b

• Do this from Pg # 224 to Pg # 230
• Phospholipid structure is not a part of syllabus but it would be beneficial to do it as it makes easier to understand the metabolism
• Fig 17.8 & 17.11 imp
• Fig 17.10 for synthesis of sphingomyelin (imp)
• Fig 17.11 degradation of phospholipid (imp)

(Glycolipids & Sphingolipids Metabolism)

NS-B-008

• Do this from Pg # 230 to Pg # 235
• Fig 17.18 & 17.19 imp

Chapter 24: (Lippincott)

NS-B-009

• Fast feed cycle do all the figures and summary of this chap (this is not an imp chap) just do it briefly

Chapter 21:

NS-B-010

Topic: OTHER NITROGEN CONTAINING COMPOUNDS

NEOPLASIA

NS-B-011, NS- B-012, NS-B-013

• Do table 37.2 37.3 and 37.4 from chapter 37 Satya
• do the topic of oncogene, proto-oncogene and tumor markers from the same chap

NS-B-014

• Chapter 31 from Satya
• Give a thorough read to chapter

EICOSANOIDS

Chapter 17: (Lippincott)

IN-B-001

• Fig 17.23, do each and everything (vv imp)
  • Eicosanoids synthesis and functions
  • Which enzyme is constitutive/inducible,
  • Names of COX inhibitors
  • Selective COX-2 inhibitor?
• This fig is enough for your MCQs and SEQs but you can read last two pages of chapter to highlight important points.

Prepared by:

                  Harris Nawaz (G13)  

Compiled by:

                  Hafiz Muhammad Umair Noor (G12)

Reference Books:

• Snell’s Clinical Anatomy By Regions 11 Edition
• BD Chaurasia Human Anatomy 8^th Edition

HEAD AND NECK

Note:

• Head and Neck is quiet lengthy topic so u have to deal it in smart way. Keep the things short, simple and do maximum shortlisting/cutting. Also don’t skip past papers.
• Some topics you are going to find from BD, for rest use Snell as your main book

Eye:

• Extra ocular msls PP SEQ
• Lacrimal gland imp
• Orbital cavity boundaries u’ll done it by looking at skull
• Rest of whole topic give read
• Regarding eye your max concepts r going to cover from physio and histo so dw.

Nasal Portion:

• Nerve supplies are imp
• Paranasal sinuses are imp mcqs also do components of its walls

Ear:

• Tympanic cavity boundaries (vv imp seq)
• Tympanic membrane (imp)
• Do muscle table and contents of middle ear only names 
• Rest whole topic read (going to be done by physio)

Tongue:

• Muscle table + supplies (vv imp)

Skull:

• Not comes in written
• Just look at skull and have concept about main points like gross bones and sutures but one thing vv impp FORAMINAS they are vv imp for mcqs ospe and viva ( st. passing by foraminas)

Scalp:

• Each and every point imp
• Also do diag of arterial and nerve supply

Face:

• Again and imp topic 
• Supplies are important
• Its diagrams are bit complicated so do in a simple way

Danger Area:

• Do it from pp/ clinical pdf + clinical significance (imp)

TMJ:

• Important seq, do its each and every point
• Only know the names of muscle causing specific movement, not detailed theory
• Muscles of mastication (vv imp)

Parotid Gland:

• Parotid gland is important
• For rest of 2 glands do supplies and then read

Oral Cavity:

• You’ve done it in block 4 so revise the same (supplies imp)

Palate:

• supplies + muscle table (imp)

Cervical Vertebrae:

• Not impotant
• You can skip or ask from your teacher regarding this

Prevertebral:

• Muscles (only do their names)
• Regarding their origin and insertions they are quiet hard to cram

Deep cervical Fascia:

• vv imp + clinical significance from pp pdf

Facial Spaces:

• vv imp viva question from BD 112

Supra and Infra Hyoid Muscles:

• You get their origin and insertions by doing their names

Ansa Cervicalis: (BD 107)

SCM &TRAP (from UL table)

Triangles

• Most imp seq
• Sub Occipital Triangle (BD 201)
• Posterior Triangle (BD 93)
• Anterior Triangle (BD 103) (digastric and carotid most imp)

Trachea & Esophagus:

• Supplies are important

Thyroid Gland (vv imp) 

• Para Thyroid gland supplies
• Pituitary Gland also important

Carotid Artery: (imp)

Carotid Sinus and Body (pp seq)

Venous Drainage (Read)

Lymph Nodes (Names only)

Cervical plexus

• Table from snell + location

Pharynx, Larynx, Tonsils:

• supplies + msls (imp)
• From Pharynx only do 3 constrictors

Ganglia

• From summary of BD (last ch )

Nerves 

• only do 2nd ,5th and 7th nerves in detail
• For rest do their comp and foraminas from table on snell.

Note:

• In ur block 5 u’ve 1st 8 cranial nerves in syllabus .
• For nerves must see pp how the qs is asked and which points u r going to cover.
• Ohh , such a huge topic guys but by multiple revisions and relating with pp u’ll have grasp on it INSHAALLAH
• If there is something missing kindly feel free to reach out 
• And last but not least CLINICALS
• from pdf , give read to all for mcqs and for written do only that r given in pp or if I find imp clinicals names then I’ll share it .

Revised Important Clinicals 2nd Year

Prepared by:

                        Shahar Bano Sayal (G12)

Compiled by:

                        Hafiz Muhammad Umair Noor (G12)

PATHOLOGY

Note:

• As it is minor, so give a read to whole topic and go for imp investigations. Imp thing to do is morphology….usy ratta Mar lena.

Recommended Books:

• Pathoma
• Ali Raza morphologies

Endocrine Pathology:

• Chapter 15 from Pathoma
• Just do mentioned topics from your syllabus..!

Female Reproductive Pathology:

• Chapter 13 from pathoma
• From gestational pathology (just give a read to mentioned topics)

Male Reproductive Pathology:

• Chapter 14 from pathoma
• Just give a read to testicular torsion

Rest of Topics in LOS:

• These are not important you can prepare it from chapter 2 /medicnetic

Prepared by:

                        Hadia Imtiaz (G13)

Compiled by:

                        Hafiz Muhammad Umair Noor (G12)

UHS 5^th Block

  (Module No 08)

Recommended Books:

• Medical Histology by Laiq Hussain 7^th Edition (Chapter numbers are mentioned according to this edition)
• Difiore’s Atlas of Histology

Reference Books:

• Manual Of Histology (your practical notebook)
• 2^nd Year Histology Review By ARC (Notes)

Note:

• All the important stuff will be covered through ARC notes, So don’t study whole laiq Hussain for this minor portion. Cover all your topics from ARC then if something is left prefer practical notebook over Laiq. Still Chapter number From Laiq are mentioned below.

Chapter 18:

EnR-A-035:

• Enteroendocrine cells with complete classification
• Gastric Carcinoid Tumors

Chapter 16:

EnR-A-036:

• Hypophysis complete topic upto neurohypophysis also covered in ARC
• Pituitary Adenomas

EnR-A-037:

• Adrenal gland complete topic upto adrenal medulla ARC
• Addison disease

EnR-A-038:

• Diffuse neuroendocrine system on the first page of the chapter
• Endocrine part of pancreas ARC
• Cell types in islets of langerhans
• Diabetes mellitus complete yellow box

EnR-A-039:covered in ARC

• Thyroid gland complete
• Parathyroid gland complete
• Pineal gland complete

Chapter 21: (almost whole covered in ARC except BPH)

EnR-A-040:

• Testes  imp
• Sertoli cells
• Blood testis barrier imp
• Function of Sertoli cells imp

EnR-A-041:

• Epididymis complete

EnR-A-042:

• Ductus deferens complete topic

EnR-A-043:

• Seminal vesicles complete topic

EnR-A-044:

• Prostate gland complete
• Yellow box complete (BPH) Important

Chapter 22: (Covered in ARC except the bold topics)

EnR-A-045:

• Ovaries complete topic
• Ovarian cycle complete upto fate of corpus luteum
• Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

EnR-A-046:

• Uterus complete topic
• Menstrual cycle complete with all phases

EnR-A-047:

• Uterine tubes imp

EnR-A-048:

• Uterine cervix complete
• Nabothian cyst in yellow box complete

EnR-A-049:

• Vagina

EnR-A-050:

• Mammary glands complete topic till end of chapter including yellow box of Brest CA.

UHS 5^th Block

(Module No 09)

Chapter 18:

HNSS-A-043: (also covered in ARC)

• Tongue complete topic upto foliate papillae
• Taste buds

Chapter 19:

HNSS-A-044: (also covered in ARC)

• Parotid gland
• Submandibular gland
• sublingual gland
• Compare and contrast the histology of all 3 glands from Google

HNSS-A-045: (also covered in ARC)

• serous cells
• mucous cells
• Their histological diff from Google

Chapter 16:

HNSS-A-046: (Already done)

• Thyroid gland complete
• parathyroid gland complete

Chapter 23:

HNSS-A-047:

• Cornea layers
• Retina layers name +disease
• Eyelids not imp do only diagram

Chapter 24:

HNSS-A-048:

• Internal Ear (Not imp)

Prepared by:

                 Hadia Imtiaz (G13)   

Compiled by:

                  Hafiz Muhammad Umair Noor (G12)

UHS 5^th Block

  (Module No 08)

Reference Books:

• Langman Medical Emryology 14th Edition

Note:

• Only Langman is enough. Make flowcharts of imp topics and MCQs are often asked e.g which part develops from which embryonic tissue

Chapter 17:

EnR-A-026:

• Complete thyroid development (initial development and descent + types of cells)
• Thyroglossal duct/cyst is very imp

EnR-A-027:

• Written in 3rd and 4th pharyngeal pouches (understand and try to write it in your own words as it’s scattered here)
• Histogenesis

EnR-A-028:

• Simple clinical, especially remembering the most common ectopic/aberrant location.

Chapter 16 / Urogenital System

EnR-A-032:

• The concept about indifferent gonads and SRY gene is imp, rest is just read
• Development of testis (read)
• Descent of testis(imp)

EnR-A-033:

• Clinical of undescended testis (cryptorchidism) (v imp)

EnR-A-034:

• It covers complete genital system development.
• Give a read to the whole topic from the book (for mcqs and concept) then do it from the 2^nd year embryo notes
• All clinicals are important so do all of them, nothing to skip here (uterus clinicals are very imp)

Chapter 18:

EnR-A-029:

• Pituitary development is written in the forebrain section
• High Yield things are sources and types of tissues (also Table 17-1)
• Clinical [craniopharyngiomas (imp)]

EnR-A-030 & 031:

• Development of suprarenal glands+clinical (not much imp, read it)

UHS 5^th Block

(Module No 09)

Chapter 17 / Head and Neck:

HNSS-A-035:

• Study pharyngeal apparatus and its components table 17.1 (vvv imp)
• Make notes of all the derivatives of pharyngeal pouches, arches, membranes & grooves (as all these often get confused and asked about)

HNSS-A-036:

• If you study thoroughly, all these will be covered in the upper section, these are just sub-divisions of it.

HNSS-A-037:

• All clinicals here are important

HNSS-A-038:

• The thyroid part is covered in module 8.
• Do tongue development and its clinicals.

HNSS-A-039:

• Face and nasolacrimal duct development (especially facial prominences and their derivatives and their clinicals)

HNSS-A-040:

• Simple read to paranasal sinuses (not much imp)

HNSS-A-041:

• Development of lip & palate and their clinicals of cleft lip & palate are very imp

Chapter 19 + 20:

HNSS-A-042:

• Do eye and inner ear development (not imp) from Sharjeel and all their clinicals from books. And clinical from Langman

Prepared by:

                   Usman Qaisar (G13)

Compiled by:

                   Hafiz Muhammad Umair Noor (G12)

Recommended Book:

• Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology 14^th Edition (Chapter numbers are mentioned according to this edition)

SPECIAL SENSES

Chapter 50:

HNSS-P-001:

• Optics of eye(read)
• Emmetropia (imp)
• Hyperopia comp
• Myopia comp 
• Astigmatism (imp)
• Give read to correction of optical abnormalities with contact lenses

HNSS-P-002:

• Treatment of refractive errors
• Definition of visual acuity

HNSS-P-003:

• Fluid system concept (imp)
• Outflow of aqueous humor (very imp) (proff mcq)
• Intraocular pressure normal value (imp) + it’s regulation

HNSS-P-004:

• Glaucoma (open + closed angle ) imp

Chapter 51:

HNSS-P-005:

• Retina layers(vvv imp seq + mcq) with fig 51.1
• Fovea of retina (imp) + optic disc
• Rods and cones structure + fig 51.3 (vvv imp)
• Pigment layers of retina (melanin + vitamin A) imp
• Retinal blood supply + retinal detachment (imp)

HNSS-P-006:

• Visual cycle (imp) + fig 51.5 + activated rhodopsin (imp seq)
• Role of vitamin A + night blindness (scenario based seq)
• Excitation of rods + fig51.6 + fig 51.7 (vvv imp)
• Do make a concept of hyperpolarization + photo transduction (imp for proff)
• Read to excitation cascade

HNSS-P-007:

• Light and Dark adaptation (vvv imp proff seq)
• OOtherMechanisms

HNSS-P-008:

• Read to color vision + do definitions of protonope + deuteranope + tritonope (for mcq)
• Neural functional layer of retina (imp cells)
• Visual pathway + fig 51.12 (imp)
• Important neurotransmitters
• Make a concept of how signals transmitted through electronic conduction not by action potential (imp viva question)
• Lateral inhibition (imp for mcq)
• Types of bipolar cells (imp)
• Amacrine cells (imp for mcqs)

Chapter 52:

HNSS-P-009:

• Visvual pathway (vvvvv imp for proff + sendup) + visual fibers going to 5 older areas of brain
• Function of lateral geniculate nucleus (imp) + it’s layers + gating system
• Primary + secondary visvual Cortex fig 52.2 + fig 52.3 (mcq)
• Effect of removing primary visual cortex (imp viva)
• Abnormalities of visual pathway (chart will share in below shared pictures) (vvv imp mcq + seq)

HNSS-P-010:

• Physiology blind spot (imp mcq + seq)
• Scotoma

HNSS-P-011:

• Abnormalities of visual field

HNSS-P-012:

• Macular control of eye moment (imp)
• Neural pathway

HNSS-P-013:

• Strabismus (imp) + fig 52.10

HNSS-P-014:

• Mechanism of accomodation
• Accomodations for far and near (imp)
• Parasympathetic control of accomodation
• Presbyopia (imp)
• Control of accomodation (Chp 52)

HNSS-P-015:

• Pupillary light reflex (imp for seq)
• Pupillary reflexes in CNS diseases (Edinger Westphal nucleus) + (Argyll Robertson pupli) (imp)
• Horner syndrome
• Differential diagnosis of anisocoria (picture share below)

Chapter 53:

HNSS-P-016:

• 53.1 (imp) + do read a detail for better understanding
• Impedence matching (vvvv imp seq)
• Attenuation reflex (vvv imp seq scenario based)
• Otomycosis
• Impacted ear wax

HNSS-P-017:

• Read of functional anatomy of cochlea
• Fig 52.3 (imp for mcqs)
• Basilar membrane concept
• Transmission of sound waves in cochlea + vibration patterns (imp seq)

HNSS-P-018:

• Function of organ of corti fig 53.6
• Excitation of hair cells (imp)
• Transmission of auditory signal + fig 53.7 (imp seq+ mcq)
• Endocochlear potential (imp)

HNSS-P-019:

• Normal rage of hearing
• Place principal (vvvv imp seq)
• Volley’s principal
• Determination of loudness (imp seq)

HNSS-P-020:

• Auditory nervous pathway + fig53.9 (vvv imp seq)
• Type of deafness (imp seq)

Chapter 54:

HNSS-P-021:

• Primary taste sensations (names + how it produce)
• Taste blindness (imp)
• Read to taste buds and it’s function
• Location of taste buds + fig 54.1

HNSS-P-022:

• Mechanism of stimulation of taste buds (vvv imp)
• Transmission of taste signals + fig 54.2 ( vvvvv imp for seq)

HNSS-P-023:

• Definition of aguesia, hypoguesia, hyperguesia, dysgeusia (imp seq+ mcq)

HNSS-P-024:

• Taste preference and aversion

HNSS-P-025:

• Sense of smell
• Olfactory membrane+ fig 54.3 (read)
• Stimulation of olfactory cells (read )
• Action potential in olfactory cells (imp)
• Primary sensation of smell (vvv imp seq)
• Transmission of smell signals , older and newer olfactory pathways(read)

HNSS-P-026:

• Rhinitis
• Difference between viral and allergic rhinitis

Do all these topics from firdous as well for a quick review

Prepared by:

                  Nofal Anjum Khan (G13)   

Compiled by:

                  Hafiz Muhammad Umair Noor (G12)

Reference Books:

• Lippincott Illustrated Reviews: Biochemistry 8^th Edition
• Satyanarayana Biochemistry 6^th Edition
• Harper’s Illustrated Biochemistry 30^th Edition

CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM

(HNSS-B-001a)

Chapter 12: (Lippincott)

• Read complete chapter but Diseases are most important
• Read to fructose metabolism + it’s phosphorylation+ fructose 1-P cleavage (fig 12.2) (imp) + it’s kinetics
• Fig 12.3 (most imp fig for seq + mcq)
• Enzymes deficent + product accumulate + it’s effect in essential fructosuria and hereditary fructose intolerance (vvvvvv imp seq + mcq)
• Aldolase B deficiency v.v.v.imp
• Mannose conversation to fructos-6-P
• Glucose conversation to fructose via sorbitol (vvvv imp)
• Fig 12.4 (imp) + sorbitol synthesis
• Hyperglycemia and sorbitol mechanism (vvvv imp) and how it causes cataract and peripheral neuropathy (imp)
• Do galactose n fructose metabolism
• Fig 12.5 v.imp

VITAMINS

(HNSS-B-001b)

Chapter 28: (Lippincott)

• Vitamin A (vvv imp)
• Structure
• Absorption and transport + release from liver with fig 28.19 (imp)
• Fig 28.19 (vvvvvv imp)
• Functions (visual cycle) (imp)
• Deficiency (nyctoplasia + skin conditions) (imp)
• Vitamin A toxicity
• Should clearly describe the physiological and therapeutic function of Vit A (Fig28.21 imp)